History And Systems Flashcards
Willam Wundt
Leipzig Germany, 1879
Conducted first psychology experiments in first psych laboratory
History of everything
Not everything was connected once upon a time, people lived in harmony separately
Epoch
A time period
Zeitgeist vs great person approach
Zeitgeist: “spirit of the times” the general intellectual, moral, & culture climate of the times
Great person approach: emphasizing the work of individuals of the time; The approach to history that concentrates on the most prominent contributors to the topic or field under consideration.
E.G Boring
Became on of the first historians of psychology; student of Wundt
Eclectic
Jack of all trades, master of none
Quote from bottom of page 4
“We never seem to solve our problems or exhaust our concepts; we only grow tired of them. …”
Meaning we exhaust concepts in psychology
Vogue
In and out of style/fashion
Copernicus
Said sun was in the center of the solar system
Quote on page 5
“The history of science is full of theories which were pronounced dead, then res- urrected, then pronounced dead again only to celebrate another triumphant comeback. It makes sense to preserve faulty points of view for possible future use.The history of ideas, methods, and prejudices is an important part of the ongoing practice of science and this practice can change direction in surpris- ing ways.”
Meaning 90% of their references presence bias
Correlation
a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things
Truncated range
A truncated distribution has its domain (the x-values) restricted to a certain range of values. For example, you might restrict your x-values to between 0 and 100, written in math terminology as {0 > x > 100}
correlation does not equal causation
just because two things correlate does not necessarily mean that one causes the other.
scatter plots
A scatter plot (aka scatter chart, scatter graph) uses dots to represent values for two different numeric variables
Mutually exclusive
Mutually exclusive: don’t overlap of the lines
Not mutually exclusive = overlap (fulfills both null and hypothesis BAD)
Exhaustive
Exhaustive: together they use up all the possibilities (if to gather the two pictures make a complete number line
Not exhaustive= they do not overlap to make a complete number line
Null
Ho hypothesis: no change
Alternative
H1 something changed
One tailed
A one-tailed test is a statistical test in which the critical area of a distribution is one-sided so that it is either greater than or less than a certain value, but not both
Two tailed
In statistics, a two-tailed test is a method in which the critical area of a distribution is two-sided and tests whether a sample is greater than or less than a certain range of values; looking for change
Paradigm
widely accepted viewpoint
Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996)
Believed that the activities of members of a scientific community are governed by a shared set of beliefs called a paradigm.This paradigmatic, or normal, science continues until an existing paradigm
is displaced by another paradigm
Hawthorne effect
When people act differently when they know they are being watched
Uncertainty principle
The contention that even though determinism is true, attempting to measure the causes of something influences those causes, making it impossible to know them with certainty
Coined by Heisenberg
Is psychology science ?
It is not a single disciple. It’s a collection of studies where some may qualify as a science but most do not
Presentist bias
By Loftus
Ones with a bias towards present day point of view
Ex: viewing a traditional social structure as irrational without considering that it may have been an efficient system that allowed a community to survive the harsh realities of history.
Dualism
The view that the mind and body both exist as separate entities
Interactionism
the mind influences the body, and the body influences the mind
Coined by Descartes
Cogito ergo sum
I think therefore i am, he could not doubt that he himself existed, as he was the one doing the doubting in the first place.
Cartesian product
defined on an ordered set of sets. It is the set of all possible ordered combinations consisting of one member from each of those sets.
Penial gland
seat of the soul
Freud, psychogenic
The emotions that come with recovering a memory
Emergentism
claims that mental states emerge from physical brain states
Roger Sperry, split brain
Reification
tendency to believe that if something has a name it also has an independent existence, John Stuart Mill
Nature vs Nurture
nativist emphasizes the role of inheritance (nature) in his or her explanation of the origins of various human attributes, whereas the empiricist emphasizes the role of experience (nurture).
Epistemology
study of knowledge
Anthropomorphism
Projecting human traits on non-humans/animals
Ex: the dog is laughing
Dionysus, Roman name Bacchus
The god of wine and orgy
Transmigration-of the soul
Recreation, heeps on coming back
Thales
First philosopher, brought geometry from Egypt and Babylonia to Greece
Anaximander and first map
Map of Greek island, coast of Greece
Heraclitus
Responsible for atomic theory (only of half the distance but never touch)
“Cannot step in the same river twice”
Pythagoras
Coined the term philosophy
Responsible for Pythagorean theorem
Empedocles
Earth, fire, air, water (the elements)
Democritus
Responsible for what is known as the five senses (credited to Aristotle)
Coined the term atom
Caduceus
Medical symbol
Hippocrates
Most famous doctor from antiquity
What is the Hippocratic oath?
Do not harm
What are the 4 humors?
1) leave alone, sometimes people get better on their own
2) fasting is the greatest remedy
3) our food should be our medicine and our medicine should be our food
4) walking is a man’s best medicine
Galen
2nd most famous doctor from antiquity 130-200 AD
Developed humeral theory of personality
What word was humors replaced with?
Neurotransmitters
Phlegmatic
luggish and emotional – when you have a cold and feel
sluggish
Associated with Galen
Sophistry
“nothing is inherently right or wrong but believing makes it so”
Type of argument style
What are two examples of Sophistry?
Rhetoric – clever misleading argument
Epistemological question – it is not what the universe is made of but what do
humans know and how can they know it
Caduceus
Medical symbol
