History And Origins Of Counseling psychology Flashcards
The use of theory
What they believed before industrial revolution about mentally disturbed people and what they did
The live in small rural communities according to religious beliefs
In the 11th, 12th,13th century people were hursh
Withces - they burned them to burn the evil
Demonised
Let them there - not dealing with them
Confessions to the priest - humiliation
What happened after the industrial revolution
The life changed, the needs, the family dynamics
Everybody was working hard - they needed to do sth about the non productive people (mentally ill, old, children)
Changes in education
Workhouses
Asylums for the rest of their lives
Doctors then realised that people can pay for the mentally ill to stay there (money) - that’s how psychiatry began (at the end of 18th century)
Kraepelin
Bleuler
How philosophers are connected to psychology
They were trying to understand the world around us
How the human mind/brain functions-> experimental philosophy
What is Introspection?
“Looking into”
The process of observing and examining one’s own conscious thoughts or emotions
Then it was renamed Experimental Psychology when became autonomous
When did psychology became a recognised field?
Around 1880s
With studies by Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Herman Ebbinghaus
What is a movement/school in psychology?
A certain perspective that involves certain assumptions (beliefs) about human behavior
- Way of function
- Human behavior aspects worthy studying
- Appropriate research methods
Different theories in each school
But share some common assumptions
Which are the movements/schools in psychology?
Psychoanalysis - Europe, by S. Freud (1890)
Behaviorists - USA, Watson, Skinner etc 1913
A scientific method of examining humans
Humanistic - USA, Rogers 1947
What Behaviorists believe about people/animals?
Peoples/animals are controlled by their environment and they are result of what they have learned from their environment.
How environmental factors (called stimuli) affect observable behavior (called response)
Its all external, the environment - it has nth to do with the person
Behaviorists famous experiment?
Watson’s anethical experiment with lil Albert, the rabbit and the sound
What psychoanalysis believe about humans/animals?
Events in our childhood can have a significant impact on our behaviour as adults.
People have lil free will to make choices in life.
Our behaviour is determined by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
No power to change/analyse it. Its how you are made.
What humanistics believe about people?
Emphasises the study of the whole person (known as holism = the person is so much more of his prob).
They look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving
What life means to them, pathology, and how they can be helped
They made pathology looks less scary and less isolated
The whole pic is more than its parts
World War II and clinical psychologists?
USA decided to use psychologists to classify people for military and industry, into healthy people who can stand the war and emotionally less healthy who can go “crazy” and start killing everybody
After the war psychiatrists were not enough - too many cases
When counseling psychology started?
Appeared at the end of 19th century - early 20th.
Bcs of changes in society:
1. Social recommendation - need to treat people in a humane way
2. Compulsory education -> psychological and educational tests (IQ, personality, vocational)
3. Need for professional / career guidance
4. Development of psychotherapy (hypnosis etc)
5. Need to care for the mentally healthy people’s emotional dysfunction as well
Study of individual differences
By Alfred Binet
What is clinical psychology?
Is the psychological specialty that provides continuing and comprehensive mental and behavioral health care for individuals and families
Consultation to agencies and communities
Training, education, and supervision
Research-based practice
Specialty in breadth
Broadly inclusive of severe psychopathology
Marked by comprehensiveness and integration of knowledge and skill from a broad array of disciplines within and outside of psychology proper
Encompasses all ages, multiple diversities and varied systems
What is counselling Psychology?
Is a general practice and health service provider specialty in professional psychology.
It focuses on how people function both personally and in their relationships at all ages.
Adresses emotional, social, work, school, and physical health concerns people may hv at different stages in their life.
Focusing on typical life stresses and more severe issues with which people may struggle as individuals and as a part of family, group, organisation.
Help people with physical, emotional, and mental health issues, improve their sense of well-being, alleviate feelings of distress and resolve crises.
Provide assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of more severe psychological symptoms.
Main Values of Counseling Psychology?
- counselling psychologists view individuals as agents of
their own change and regard an individual’s pre-existing strengths and resourcefulness and the therapeutic relationship as central mechanisms of change - the counselling psychology
approach to assessment, diagnosis, and case conceptualization is holistic and client-centred; and it directs attention to social context and culture when considering internal factors, individual differences, and familial/systemic influences - the counselling process is
pursued with sensitivity to diverse sociocultural factors unique to each individual…
Values of the counselling psychologist?
- Respect for the individual is desirable.
- Diversity (by gender, race, religion, culture, sexual orientation, etc.) is good.
- Good interpersonal relationships are important.
- A satisfactory and productive career is desirable.
- Growth and development (rather than pathology and remediation) are often preferred conceptual lenses for viewing human problems.
- A scientist-practitioner orientation can lead to both good science and good
practice. - Counselling psychologists can intervene in lots of settings, methods and ways.
- Counselling psychologists emphasize increasing a client’s ability to solve problems, make decisions, and cope more effectively with life’s major
stressors and daily demands. - Counselling psychologists foster an awareness of oppression, societal barriers to self-actualization and free choices.
- Personality and psychopathology are strongly influenced by environmental
factors. - Counselling psychologists advocate an altruistic rather than an entrepreneurial approach to their work (i.e., the public good is more important than personal gain).
- Open-mindedness, methodological diversity, and theoretical ecumenism are important intellectual skills.
- Prevention is preferable to dealing with existing problems.
- A holistic approach to mind-body-environment issues is encouraged.
Basic tenants of the counselling psychology
identity (Sinacore-Guinn, 1995)
A. Works with people who struggle with a wide range of problems that are often termed developmental or transitional. Thus, the focus is on individuals with a “normal range of life problems” (Gelso & Fretz, 1992, p. 6). At the same time, they focus on people’s assets or strengths even when working with individuals who are severely disturbed.
B. Gives particular attention to the person-environment interaction with an understanding of the challenges of individuals from marginalized groups versus an intrapsychic focus that puts the attention
on something inherently wrong inside of the person.
C. Reacts against the notion of
psychopathology and of labeling individuals (Talley, 1995). Counselling psychologists are trained to look beyond diagnostic labels (Sinacore-Guinn, 1995) and are taught to contextualize individuals’ difficulties, assessing the
socio-cultural aspects of those difficulties versus labeling the individual as being disturbed.
D. Emphasize brief interventions. They may also participate in activities such as guidance, supervision, consultation, research, administration, and training.
E. Primarily concerned with
assisting individuals to have more rewarding careers, interpersonal relationships, and a sense of personal growth. Counselling psychologists have particular expertise when it comes to career development and workplace concerns.
What makes a theory?
- An organized and coherent set of concepts: a small set
of key ideas, that mark them out as different and unique. The concepts that comprise a theory are structured in terms of three levels of abstraction. - A language or way of talking. (e.g. in the person- centred approach → frequent reference to feelings and personal experience; a CBT therapist is more likely to back up his/her arguments on research evidence or behavioural observation.)
- A distinctive set of therapeutic procedures or interventions. Linked to the theory that is used
within an approach there is a range of practical procedures, techniques or methods. - A knowledge community. An approach is a dynamic network of people and institutions that
sustain it as a form of practice – journals, training courses, conference, meetings, websites, etc. This knowledge community is itself structured and organized in terms of subgroups of people
who represent contrasting standpoints or subtraditions within the approach. - Set of values. Behind each approach to counselling lies a constellation of guiding
assumptions about what constitutes the ‘good life’. - Mythology. The ideas, values and practices that make up an approach are encapsulated
within its mythology – the account that is shared among adherents of the personal, social, cultural and historical context within which the approach has been developed. Theories of therapy are culture-specific.
Why do we need theory?
A. Something to hang on to: structure in the face of chaos.
B. Offering the client a way of making sense.
C. Constructing a case formulation
D. Establishing professional status
E. Providing a framework for research
Why are there so many theories?
- Different theories of psychotherapy emerged at different times in response to different social and cultural conditions. Psychotherapy is a form of helping that is continually ‘reconstructed’ in response to changing social and cultural forces.
- The mental health industry: brand names and special ingredients
- The movement toward theoretical integration
- The personal dimension of theory
Decade of first emergence - Psychoanalysis
1890
Decade of first emergence - Post-Freudian
1910
Decade of first emergence - Client Centered, Behavioral, Psychodynamic (object relations), Existential
1940
Decade of first emergence - Psychodynamic (self theory)
1950
Decade of first emergence - CBT
1970
Decade of first emergence - Feminist, Multicultural
1970
Decade of first emergence - Psychodynamic integrative: Cognitive analytic, psychodynamic-interpersonal
1980
Decade of first emergence - Philosophical Counseling
1980
Decade of first emergence - Narrative, Third-wave CBT
1990
Decade of first emergence - Emotion Focused
1990
Decade of first emergence - Postmodern
2000
Insight + Emotion Theories
Person-centered (Rogers)
Classic psychoanalysis (Freud)
Ego Psychology (Erickson, Fromm, etc)
Existential (Frankl, May, Maslow)
Insight + Logic Theories
Transactional analysis (Berne) Individual Psychology (Adler) REBT (Ellis)
Action + Emotion Theories
Gestalt (Perls)
Logic + Action Theories
Reality theory (Glasser)
Social Learning theory (Dollard & Miller)
Behaviorism (Skinner, Wolpe)
