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Cognitive Psychology Year 1 > History And Methods > Flashcards

History And Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralist Approach

A 
Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
Studied the structure of the mind through introspection
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2
Q

Introspection

A

The examination of ones own mental processes, founded by Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

Functionalist approach

A 
William James (1890)
Interested in the functions of conscious activity
Function of thought = behaviour
Study on mental operations via behaviour
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4
Q

Behaviourist approach

A

Interested in purely the behaviour of an individual
It’s observable and measurable
Uninterested in the black box of mental processes as they can’t be observed

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5
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Concerned with how humans process information through behaviour in experiments

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6
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Using behaviour and the brain to understand mental processes via recording brain activity

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7
Q

Information-processing approach

A

Information processing compared to that of a computer

Input, store, retrieve

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8
Q

Bottom-up process

A

Processing influenced by environmental stimuli

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9
Q

Top-down process

A

Processing influenced by internal subjective factors

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10
Q

Serial processing

A

One process must be completed before moving to the next one

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11
Q

Parallel processing

A

Two or more cognitive processed can occur at the same time

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12
Q

Strengths of cognitive psychology

A
  • The first systematic approach to try to understand human cognition
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13
Q

Weaknesses of cognitive psychology

A
  • Lacks ecological validity
  • indirect evidence via behaviour
  • Hard to test
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14
Q

Cognitive neuropsychology

A

Studies cognitive processes via brain damaged patients

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15
Q

Functional modularity

A 
Independent processing units in the brain, I.e. And example is one module responding only to faces
This is an assumption in cognitive neuropsychology
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16
Q

Domain specificity

A

One part of the brain only responds to one type of stimuli

An assumption in cognitive neuropsychology

17
Q

Anatomical modularity

A 
Each module is located in a specific brain region
An assumption in cognitive  neuropsychology
18
Q

Uniformity of functional architecture

A

An assumption in cognitive neuropsychology that allows us to generalise findings to normal human cognition meaning that all human brains are structured the same

19
Q

Strengths of cognitive neuropsychology

A

There is strong evidence for modularity
Links can be shown in brain-damaged patience between brain damage and cognitive performance
This area has been proven particularly important in studying language and memory

20
Q

Limitations of cognitive neuropsychology

A

There are too many assumptions. For example modularity
Brain damage patients often develop compensatory strategies
Brain damage can affect several modules leading it to be misleading
Ignore the plasticity of the brain
Individual differences make it hard to generalise

21
Q

Who is Brodmann?

A

He is a German neurologist in the years 1898 to 1918 whom identified 52 different regions of the brain

22
Q

What are single unit recordings in cognitive neuroscience?

A

They are a microelectrode that records activity of a single neuron

23
Q

What is a pet scan in cognitive neuropsychology?

A

A positron emission tomography scan the text positrons which are omitted from a radioactive substance which allows us to see how the brain is functioning

24
Q

What is an fMRI Scan and cognitive neuroscience?

A

A functional magnetic resonance imaging scan measures blood oxygenation using MRI machine. It allows us to see which areas of the brain have increased blood flow due to being used.

25
Q

What is event related potentials in relation to cognitive neuroscience?

A

A stimulus is presented to a participant in the researcher looks at the brain activity related to the stimulus

26
Q

Strengths of cognitive neuroscience

A

A combination of techniques of excellent spatial and or temporal resolution
It allows us to study functional specialisation

27
Q

Limitations of cognitive neuroscience

A

It’s difficult to relate brain activity to cognitive theories
It lacks ecological validity

28
Q

What is computational cognitive science?

A

It believes that human cognition and cognitive function mimics and models of some aspects of programming computers for example there is input processing Storage and retrieval

Cognitive Psychology Year 1 (4 decks)

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