History and Introduction Flashcards
Observed a thin slice of cork through a microscope
Robert Hooke
honeycomb cavities, or “cells” or “little boxes” resembling what?
monastery cells
how many microscopes did Anton van Leeuwenhoek develop? and how many are there remaining?
400 developed, 9 remaining
The first to see tiny living organisms in a drop of water
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the tiny living organism he saw?
Animalcules
examples of organisms Anton saw under the microscope?
bacteria, protozoa, sperm, and other small animals
Life can arise from non-living matter
Spontaneous Generation
One of the earliest scholars to articulate the spontaneous generation theory
Aristotle
Aristotles’ evidence of spontaneous generation:
Appearance of animals from environments previously devoid of such animals, such as:
1. Sudden appearance of fish in a new puddle of water.
2. Frogs simply seem to appear along the muddy banks of the Nile River in Egypt during annual flooding.
3. Mice appeared among grain stored in barns with thatched roofs; when the roof leaked and the grain moulded, mice appeared.
Italian physician who performed an experiment in 1668 to refute spontaneous generation.
Francesco Redi
Francesco Redi’s evidence in refuting spontaneous generation.
Maggots could only form when flies were allowed to lay eggs in the meat, and that the maggots were the offspring of flies, not the product of spontaneous generation.
Tried to prove spontaneous generation but had a flaw with his experiment (the flask was not sealed and ws exposed to air)
John Needham
(NEEDham NEEDed to fix his experiment)
Argued that microbes arose spontaneously in broth from a “life force”
John Needham
His experiments with broth aimed to disprove thos of Needham.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
It postulates the production of new living organisms from pre-existing life.
Biogenesis Theory
Based on the theory that life can only come from life, it refers to any process by which a lifeform can give rise to other life forms.
Biogenesis Theory
Had come up with the hypothesis of biogenesis, but could not experimentally prove it.
Rudolf Virchow
The second tenet of modern cell theory -
“All cells come from cells”
Omnis cellula e cellula
Who popularized the cell theory in an 1855 essay? and what was the title of the essay?
Rudolf Virchow, Cellular Pathology
Suggested that the exposure of a broth to air was not introducing a “life force” to the broth but rather airborne microorganisms.
Louis Pasteur
Rapid advances led to the establishment of microbiology in this Golden Age of Microbiology.
FIRST Golden Age of Microbiology
Discoveries and studies in this golden age include:
1. Agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease
2. Chemical Activities of microorganisms
3. Improved the techniques for performing microscopy and culturing microorganisms
4. Developed vaccines and surgical techniques
FIRST Golden Age of Microbiology
Theory that states certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms
Germ Theory
3 underlying principles of Germ Theory:
- Microbes can cause illnesses within the body.
- Microbes (and thus illnesses) can spread from one person to another.
- A specific microbe exists for each illnesses which will always invoke the same illnesses.
Began with the early version of germ theory in 1546
Fracastoro
Demonstrated that hand washing reduces perpetual infections in 1847.
Semmelweis
Proposed the miasma theory.
Ancient Greeks
Demonstrated that cholerea bacteria were transmitted in contaminated drinking water in 1854.
Snow
Him and his workers determined causative agents for many bacterial infections in 876-190.
Koch
German physician to prove that bacteria caused disease.
Robert Koch
He proved that a bacterium causes anthrax (Bacllus anthracis)
Robert Koch
Experimenral steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
Koch’s Postulate
invented the small pox vaccine (Ln. “vacca” - cow) by innoculating cowpox
Edward Jenner
First method of giving vaccinations.
Nasal Insufflation - by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils through a silver tube.
Golden age of microbiology where the search for substances that could destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal or human.
SECOND Golden Age of Microbiology
Treatment for diseases by using chemical substances
Chemotherapy
Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi act against other microorganisms
Antibiotics
Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
Synthetic drugs
First synthetic drug
Quinine
Where is quinine from?
a component of the bark of the cinchona (quina-quina) tree
Was used to treat malaria from as early as the 1600s
Quinine
Called the “magic bullet” because it homed in on and destroyed the harmful bacteria that causes syphilis
Salvarsan 6o6
Discovered the Salvarsan 6o6
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered penicillin in 1928
Alexander Fleming
Where is penicillin from?
Penicillium notatum or P. chrysogenum
First true antibiotic
Penicillin
Antibiotic resistance strategis
- Alternative enzyme
- Efflux pumps
- Inactivating enzymes
- Targeted alterations
new pathogenic bacteria discovered
Bacteriology
Discovered the largest bacteria in 1997
Heide Schulz
Largest bacteria
Thiomargarita namibiensis
agricultural and ecological, including medical
Mycology
infestations among immunosuppressed patients
Parasitology
Vaccine availability
Immunology
Was discovered in 1960, released by cells infected with a virus
Interferons
relationship between genes and enzymes
George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum
DNA as a hereditary material
Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod, and Maclyn McCarty
Genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another by a process called conjugation.
Joshua Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum
structure and replication of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
Occurence of disease in human population
Epidemiology
detailed structure of microorganisms
Morphology
microbial function at the cellular and molecular level
Physiology
indetification, naming, and classification of microorganisms
Taxonomy
Interrelationships between microbes and the environment; the roles of microorganisms in the nutrient cycles and natural ecosystems
Microbial Ecology
function of genetic material and biochemical reactions that make up a cell’s metabolism
Microbial genetics, Molecular Biology
