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Microbiology and Parasitology > History and Introduction > Flashcards

History and Introduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Observed a thin slice of cork through a microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

honeycomb cavities, or “cells” or “little boxes” resembling what?

A

monastery cells

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3
Q

how many microscopes did Anton van Leeuwenhoek develop? and how many are there remaining?

A

400 developed, 9 remaining

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4
Q

The first to see tiny living organisms in a drop of water

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the tiny living organism he saw?

A

Animalcules

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6
Q

examples of organisms Anton saw under the microscope?

A

bacteria, protozoa, sperm, and other small animals

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7
Q

Life can arise from non-living matter

A

Spontaneous Generation

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8
Q

One of the earliest scholars to articulate the spontaneous generation theory

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

Aristotles’ evidence of spontaneous generation:

A

Appearance of animals from environments previously devoid of such animals, such as:
1. Sudden appearance of fish in a new puddle of water.
2. Frogs simply seem to appear along the muddy banks of the Nile River in Egypt during annual flooding.
3. Mice appeared among grain stored in barns with thatched roofs; when the roof leaked and the grain moulded, mice appeared.

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10
Q

Italian physician who performed an experiment in 1668 to refute spontaneous generation.

A

Francesco Redi

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11
Q

Francesco Redi’s evidence in refuting spontaneous generation.

A

Maggots could only form when flies were allowed to lay eggs in the meat, and that the maggots were the offspring of flies, not the product of spontaneous generation.

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12
Q

Tried to prove spontaneous generation but had a flaw with his experiment (the flask was not sealed and ws exposed to air)

A

John Needham
(NEEDham NEEDed to fix his experiment)

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13
Q

Argued that microbes arose spontaneously in broth from a “life force”

A

John Needham

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14
Q

His experiments with broth aimed to disprove thos of Needham.

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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15
Q

It postulates the production of new living organisms from pre-existing life.

A

Biogenesis Theory

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16
Q

Based on the theory that life can only come from life, it refers to any process by which a lifeform can give rise to other life forms.

A

Biogenesis Theory

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17
Q

Had come up with the hypothesis of biogenesis, but could not experimentally prove it.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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18
Q

The second tenet of modern cell theory -
“All cells come from cells”

A

Omnis cellula e cellula

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19
Q

Who popularized the cell theory in an 1855 essay? and what was the title of the essay?

A

Rudolf Virchow, Cellular Pathology

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20
Q

Suggested that the exposure of a broth to air was not introducing a “life force” to the broth but rather airborne microorganisms.

A

Louis Pasteur

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21
Q

Rapid advances led to the establishment of microbiology in this Golden Age of Microbiology.

A

FIRST Golden Age of Microbiology

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22
Q

Discoveries and studies in this golden age include:
1. Agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease
2. Chemical Activities of microorganisms
3. Improved the techniques for performing microscopy and culturing microorganisms
4. Developed vaccines and surgical techniques

A

FIRST Golden Age of Microbiology

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23
Q

Theory that states certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms

A

Germ Theory

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24
Q

3 underlying principles of Germ Theory:

A
  1. Microbes can cause illnesses within the body.
  2. Microbes (and thus illnesses) can spread from one person to another.
  3. A specific microbe exists for each illnesses which will always invoke the same illnesses.
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25
Q

Began with the early version of germ theory in 1546

A

Fracastoro

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26
Q

Demonstrated that hand washing reduces perpetual infections in 1847.

A

Semmelweis

27
Q

Proposed the miasma theory.

A

Ancient Greeks

28
Q

Demonstrated that cholerea bacteria were transmitted in contaminated drinking water in 1854.

A

Snow

29
Q

Him and his workers determined causative agents for many bacterial infections in 876-190.

A

Koch

30
Q

German physician to prove that bacteria caused disease.

A

Robert Koch

31
Q

He proved that a bacterium causes anthrax (Bacllus anthracis)

A

Robert Koch

32
Q

Experimenral steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

A

Koch’s Postulate

33
Q

invented the small pox vaccine (Ln. “vacca” - cow) by innoculating cowpox

A

Edward Jenner

34
Q

First method of giving vaccinations.

A

Nasal Insufflation - by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils through a silver tube.

35
Q

Golden age of microbiology where the search for substances that could destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal or human.

A

SECOND Golden Age of Microbiology

36
Q

Treatment for diseases by using chemical substances

A

Chemotherapy

37
Q

Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi act against other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

38
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

A

Synthetic drugs

39
Q

First synthetic drug

A

Quinine

40
Q

Where is quinine from?

A

a component of the bark of the cinchona (quina-quina) tree

41
Q

Was used to treat malaria from as early as the 1600s

A

Quinine

42
Q

Called the “magic bullet” because it homed in on and destroyed the harmful bacteria that causes syphilis

A

Salvarsan 6o6

43
Q

Discovered the Salvarsan 6o6

A

Paul Ehrlich

44
Q

Discovered penicillin in 1928

A

Alexander Fleming

45
Q

Where is penicillin from?

A

Penicillium notatum or P. chrysogenum

46
Q

First true antibiotic

A

Penicillin

47
Q

Antibiotic resistance strategis

A
  1. Alternative enzyme
  2. Efflux pumps
  3. Inactivating enzymes
  4. Targeted alterations
48
Q

new pathogenic bacteria discovered

A

Bacteriology

49
Q

Discovered the largest bacteria in 1997

A

Heide Schulz

50
Q

Largest bacteria

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

51
Q

agricultural and ecological, including medical

A

Mycology

52
Q

infestations among immunosuppressed patients

A

Parasitology

53
Q

Vaccine availability

A

Immunology

54
Q

Was discovered in 1960, released by cells infected with a virus

A

Interferons

55
Q

relationship between genes and enzymes

A

George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum

56
Q

DNA as a hereditary material

A

Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

57
Q

Genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another by a process called conjugation.

A

Joshua Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum

58
Q

structure and replication of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

59
Q

Occurence of disease in human population

A

Epidemiology

60
Q

detailed structure of microorganisms

A

Morphology

61
Q

microbial function at the cellular and molecular level

A

Physiology

62
Q

indetification, naming, and classification of microorganisms

A

Taxonomy

63
Q

Interrelationships between microbes and the environment; the roles of microorganisms in the nutrient cycles and natural ecosystems

A

Microbial Ecology

64
Q

function of genetic material and biochemical reactions that make up a cell’s metabolism

A

Microbial genetics, Molecular Biology

Microbiology and Parasitology (1 decks)

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