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Powerplant I > History and Development of Reciprocating Engines > Flashcards

History and Development of Reciprocating Engines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four forces of flight present on an aircraft?

A
  • thrust
  • lift
  • drag
  • weight
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2
Q

What is the upward acting force?

A

lift

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3
Q

What is the downward acting force due to gravity?

A

weight

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4
Q

What is the forward acting force?

A

thrust

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5
Q

What is the backward acting force?

A

drag

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6
Q

Drag is also called ___________.

A

wind resistance

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7
Q

________ is generated by the motion of the airplane through the air and considered as an aerodynamic
force.

A

lift

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8
Q

___________ is a force that is always directed toward the center of the earth.

A

weight

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9
Q

The magnitude of the
weight depends on what?

A
  • mass of all the airplane parts
  • amount of fuel
  • any payload on board like people, baggage, freight, etc.
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10
Q

_______ is directed along and opposed to the flight direction.

A

drag

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11
Q

To overcome drag, airplanes use a ______________ to generate a force called __________.

A

propulsion system, thrust

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12
Q

The direction of the thrust force depends on ____________________________.

A

how the engines are attached to the aircraft

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13
Q

What produces thrust to propel an aircraft?

A

aircraft engine or powerplant

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14
Q

Two main types of powerplant used in aircrafts.

A
  • reciprocating engines
  • gas turbine engines
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15
Q

Reciprocating engines or _____________ work in combination with a ___________ to produce thrust.

A

piston engines, propeller

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16
Q

Gas turbine engines produce thrust by ___________________ flowing through the engine.

A

increasing the velocity of air

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17
Q

Where does the reciprocating engine derive its name from?

A

the back-and-forth or reciprocating movement of its pistons

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18
Q

What are powered hops?

A

partially controlled glides

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19
Q

____________ designed and built steam engines that were practical in their use to propel wheeled land vehicles.

A

James Watt

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20
Q

Who is considered as the “Father of Aerial Navigation”?

A

Sir George Cayley

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21
Q

Who designed and experimented with a calorific engine which burned gunpowder as the
fuel?

A

Sir George Cayley

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22
Q

__________________________ successfully flew a clockwork (wound spring) powered model having the very modern characteristics of monowing construction, rear empennage, tricycle gear, and with the propeller located in the nose.

A

Felix du Temple of France

23
Q

_______________ search for the ideal powerplant caused him to reject the available steam engines (too heavy) and gasoline engines (unreliable).

A

Felix du Temple’s

24
Q

He used a “hot air engine” which was reported to operate in a manner similar to that of a steam engine; unfortunately, the underpowered engine was not able to propel the aircraft beyond a “powered hop”.

A

Felix du Temple

25
Q

____________________________ model experiments employed a miniature steam engine that includes two propellers and gearing.

A

William Samuel Henson and John Stringfellow’s

26
Q

____________________ attached a steam engine to a bicycle, creating their first powered motorcycle.

A

French Michaux brothers

27
Q

____________________ journeyed to America and then to England where he eventually found two suitable steam engines of 10 and 20 horsepower (HP) for his flight experiments.

A

Alexander F. Mozhaiski

28
Q

___________________ conducted flight experiments in his steam powered “Eole” aircraft, and even claimed to be the first man to have successfully flown a heavier-than-aircraft.

A

French inventor Clement Ader

29
Q

Clement Ader’s later efforts that resulted in the October 1897 flight of the Avion ill, a bat-winged aircraft powered by two 20-HP steam engines was funded by?

A

French War Ministry

30
Q

________________________ model Aerodrome experiments used small steam engines. His highly successful flights of the model Aerodrome No.5 utilized a 1 HP steam engine.

A

Samuel Pierpoint Langley’s

31
Q

A crude version of the two stroke engine was initially designed by _______________ and patented in 1804. In his design, fuel and air was to be ignited in the cylinder at atmospheric pressure, a design which most likely would have resulted in relatively low power output; unfortunately, he was assassinated before he could build his engine.

A

Frenchman Phillipe Lebon d’Humberstein

32
Q

_________________________ patented a somewhat more useful two stroke engine. In their design, the ignited fuel-air mixture pushed against a free piston within a cylinder which transferred motion to another piston, rotating a shaft.

A

Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci

33
Q

________________, fascinated by inventing useful devices, began work in 1850 on a new type of engine that electrically ignited lighting gas (typically used for street lamps) with atmospheric-pressure air, thereby producing the expanding gases that could be harnessed for the generation of power.

A

Etienne Lenoir

34
Q

_________________ designed variations of the two cycle Lenoir non-compressed (atmospheric pressure) gas engine.

A

Nicolaus August Otto and his brother Wilhelm

35
Q

_______________________, then made the critical technical advance of compressing the fuel-air charge before it entered the cylinder.

A

The Otto brothers, with Eugren Langren

36
Q

The engine used by Langley in the attempted flights of his full sized Aerodrome aircraft was developed by _______________, based on a substantial redesign of a _________ automobile engine.

A

Charles M. Manly, Balzer

37
Q

The early experiments of Orville and Wilbur Wright employed ___________________ designed by Wright employee and mechanic __________________.

A

a horizontally arranged inline 4-cylinder, four cycle engine; Charles Taylor

38
Q

Types of a reciprocating engine

A
  • radial engine
  • in-line engine
  • v-type engine
  • horizontally-opposed engine
39
Q

______________ consists of one or more rows of odd-numbered cylinders arranged in a circle around a central crankshaft.

A

radial piston engine

40
Q

Due to the small size of the crankcase, this engine type had a better power-to-weight ratio than most other designs of their day.

A

radial piston engine

41
Q

It provides the greatest drag of all the types of engines. It is also considered as the most widely used engines ever built.

A

radial piston engine

42
Q

It is also considered
as straight type engine because of its cylinder arrangement.

A

in-line engine

43
Q

If the in-line engine is designed to operate with the cylinders below the crankshaft, it is called an __________________.

A

inverted engine

44
Q

If the in-line engine is designed to operate with the cylinders above the crankshaft, it
is called an ____________.

A

upright engine

45
Q

The cylinders of a _______________ are arranged around a single crankshaft in two in-line banks that are 45, 60, or 90 degrees apart.

A

V-type engine

46
Q

The cylinders on a V-type engine could be above the crankshaft or below it, in which case the engine is referred to as an _________________________.

A

inverted V-type engine

47
Q

____________________ are the most popular reciprocating engines
used on light aircrafts.

A

Horizontally-opposed or opposed type engines

48
Q

It is also considered as boxer type or flat type engine. It always have an
even number of cylinders, and a cylinder on one side of a crankcase “opposes” a cylinder on the
other side.

A

Horizontally-opposed or opposed type engines

49
Q

The temperature of the burning gases in the engine cylinder reaches up to _________________, which is above the melting point of the material of the cylinder body and head of the engine.

A

1500 to 2000°C

50
Q

Cooling system serves two purposes in the working of an engine:

A
  • It takes away the excessive heat generated in the engine and saves it from overheating.
  • It keeps the engine at working temperature for efficient and economical working.
51
Q

Several effects of excessive heat within the engine:

A
  • Adversely affects the combustion of fuel and air charge.
  • Weakens and shortens life of engine parts.
  • Impairs lubrication.
52
Q

two main requirements of an efficient engine cooling system:

A
  • must be capable of removing only about 30% of the heat generated in the combustion chamber. Too much removal of heat lowers the thermal efficiency of the engine.
  • should remove heat at a fast rate when the engine is hot. During the starting of the engine, the cooling should be very slow so that the different working parts reach their operating temperatures in a short time.
53
Q

types of engine cooling system

A
  • air cooling system
  • liquid cooling system
54
Q
A

Powerplant I (1 decks)

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