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History And Archaeology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the work history mean in Greek????

A

The word history in Greek means inquiry or investigation

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2
Q

What is history and what do we know about its accuracy?

A

History is events that happened in the past that have made a big difference in the present. Before written records everything was theories and spread by word-of-mouth meaning that it is not 100% true. History is an account of the past.

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3
Q

Define worldview

A

The overall perspective from which members of a cultural group sees, interprets and makes sense of the world. Worldview is shaped by place, time and culture.

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4
Q

7 elements of worldview

A 
Geography
Time
Society
Values
Beliefs
Economy
Knowledge
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5
Q

Define archaeology

A

The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts another physical remains.

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6
Q

Define artifacts

A

An object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

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7
Q

Define petroglyph

A

Any design, picture or writing carved or chipped into a rock surface.

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8
Q

Define excavate

A

To dig out and remove archaeological material from a site; to carry out the process of excavation.

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9
Q

Define stratification

A

An arrangement or deposition of sediment or sedimentary rocks in a sequence of layers(strata).

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10
Q

Define classification

A

The ordering of archaeological data that share certain attributes or characteristics into groups and classes

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11
Q

Define cartography

A

The study and practice of making maps

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12
Q

Define radio carbon dating

A

A technique for determining the age of organic materials ,such as wood, based on their content of radioisotope 14C(carbon) acquired from the atmospheric when they formed part of a living plant.

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13
Q

Describe the eruption of Mount Vesuvius and the ancient city of Pompeii

A

In 79 A.D. Mount Vesuvius located near the city of Pompeii Italy erupted burying the entire city only to be discovered in the 16th century but wasn’t excavated until the 18th century. When it erupted, 18,000 of the 20,000 inhabitants of Pompeii fled to safety while the other 2000 stayed behind and were killed by ash, toxic fumes, lava, falling pieces of rock etc. Victims of Pompeii were buried under hot ash and pumice which eventually hardened , encasing bodies. Overtime, soft tissue rotted away leaving cavities with just skeletons, archaeologist pioneered the technique of pouring plaster into cavities to make detailed casts. Pompeii is now a very famous tourist site.

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14
Q

Who is Lucy?

A

Lucy is one of the oldest hominids found in the fossil records.

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15
Q

What is a hominid?

A

Hominids are the family of mankind and their ancestors.

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16
Q

How did Dr. Johanson discover Lucy?

A

Dr. Johansson discover Lucy while he was exploring around Ethiopia in East Africa. It was a lucky discovery. Around 3.2 million years ago Lucy was walking near a river and became entangled around when she was about 20 years old. She sank into the mud and her flesh slowly decomposed, overtime minerals in the water replaced calcium in your bones turning them into stone. Eventually the marshland turned into a desert. In 1974 Johanson happened to be in the exact spot where rain water washed away the dirt and brought 40% left of Lucy’s remains to the surface.

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17
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Boss those are the remains of prehistoric plants or animals that somehow managed to be preserved for thousands of years.

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18
Q

How does petrification occurr?

A

Petrification occurs when rivers and streams carry dissolved minerals to the poorest bones shells or what minerals then eventually crystallize and settle filling the pores and turning previous objects to stone.

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19
Q

A D

A

Anno Domini meaning “the year of our Lord” or after death.

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20
Q

C E

A

Common era

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21
Q

B C

A

Before Christ

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22
Q

B C E

A

Before common era

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23
Q

Gregorian calendar

A

Todays internationally accepted civil calendar also known as the western calendar.

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24
Q

Mayans calendar

A

System of calendars used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica also use today in Veracruz Mexico etc. made by the Mayans

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25
Q

Julian calendar

A

Calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC the year consists of 365 days and every fourth year with 366 days.

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26
Q

Lunar calendar

A

Calendar based on the cycles of the lunar phase or the moon calendar

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27
Q

Chronological

A

Record of events starting with the earliest and falling in the order in which they occurred

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28
Q

Decade

A

Time span of 10 years

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29
Q

Century

A

Time span of 100 years

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30
Q

Millennium

A

Time span of 1000 years

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31
Q

Era

A

A long and distinct period of history with particular feature or characteristic.

Medieval era

32
Q

1492 is in what century?

A

The 15th century

33
Q

300 A.D. is in what century?

A

Third century

34
Q

542 BC is in what century?

A

6th century

35
Q

List the fourth time periods of world history and their time spans.

A

Prehistory – before recorded history (before 4000 BC)
Ancient– 4000 BC to 500 A.D
Medieval- 500 A.D. to 1580 A.D.
Modern – 1500 A.D. to present

36
Q

Compare creationism and evolution

A

Creationism- to believe that all life always its origins to do a divine guidance and to also believe that humans were created in the present form of God.

Evolution – a scientific view of life on earth– That humans to send it from a common ancestor who lived millions of years ago. This theory is relatively recent.

37
Q

Describe Charles Darwin and his theory.

A

Charles Darwin was an unpaid natural and his theory is that species evolved over long periods of time. There may be mutations in the offspring of an organism but they are not always bad. Organisms evolved to fit their environment based on natural selection, if mutation was good, the organism lived and contributed it’s mutation into a gene pool of offspring, if it was not good it was likely to die. Organisms adapt to their environment, this produced the world we know today.

In short form – each species had a common ancestor but gradually changed over time.

38
Q

What are the eight features of a civilization?

A

Arts and culture, organized religion, organized commerce, central government, knowledge transfer, technological innovation,social structure, public works.

Explain.

39
Q

How did geography impact the development of civilization in ancient China

A

Ancient China was very well protected due to their geographic location. Having high mountain ranges in the west and southwest, the Tibian plateau in the west, deserts in the west and in northeast, the ocean to the east and jungle to the southeast ensured a safe area making it easier for a young civilization to begin expand, and thrive. The only place without protection is in the north where there are grasslands. Also, the Yangtze River is easy to travel down for trade the Chinese rarely feared attack.

40
Q

How did geography impact the development of civilization in ancient Rome

A

Civilization began in Rome because it had everything he needed:

  • The right climate : fertile soil, plenty of rain/sunshine, the climate was not too hot and not too cold.
  • Good transportation : army built a vast network of roads so that soldiers could reach, conquer and control my land.
  • Powerful Military : under the protection of the Navy Roman merchants traded goods, as Romans got rich through trade/and such, so did the government through taxation.
41
Q

Describe some of the theories to why Rome fell.

A

Romans overspent on entertainment/luxuries, The empire became so large that defending it became impossible, Roman soldiers returning home from war brought infectious disease, the Empire grew week because of repeated attacks by Germanic forces, weak emperors had no interest in governing or defending the empire.

42
Q

Who were the Franks?

A

The French were a Germanic tribe that are known for conquering almost all of Gaul (France) after Rome had fallen. They love to make war and were always attacking each other. The name they gave themselves “Frank’s” meant free. The Frank’s had social classes and most people were peasants or poor farmers. They were the start of the feudal system. The first leader of the Frank’s (Clovis I) developed the Salic code which everyone followed. This involved a lot of murder and stealing.

43
Q

Who was Charlemagne and how did he gain power?

A

Charlemagne was one of the leaders of the franks and is the one person most responsible for the rebuilding of Europe. He came into power in Gaul in 768 CE . The franks were so disorganized and the current leaders, Merovingians, where “do-nothings” so it was easy to gain power. Charlemagne really wanted to change Europe. He gained peoples respect through restoring peace by using the military force, conquering his neighbors and adding Rome to his power. He was crowned emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day 800 CE.

44
Q

Who were the Anglo-Saxons?

A

The Anglo-Saxons were warriors from Germany who came into Europe after the Romans left in the fifth century. They were originally separate groups: Angles, Saxons and Jutes who banned together and drove out the Celts. They were really farmers who resided in small villages and they had no police so men would protect them in an army called “ fyrd”. They rarely traded traded which made life difficult.

45
Q

Who were the Vikings?

A

Vikings were a very violent group of men that were Swedish, Norwegian and Danish. In 1746 Vikings had their first raid, Anglo-Saxons defended themselves from these raids for the next 200 years after. Vikings would kill, steal and burn what they couldn’t carry. They traveled in swift longships which were easy to approach and get away in. They came from Scandinavia. Most Viking families had a couple of slaves that did heavy farm work. They had a rich culture. The Viking age ended in the 11th century.

46
Q

When did the medieval times occur? How did this time get its name and what other term is used to describe it?

A

The medieval Times occurred from 480 to 1500 A.D. It got its name from the Latin word which means Middle Ages. It is also known as the Middle Ages.

47
Q

When did the medieval times occur? How did this time get its name and what other term is used to describe it?

A

The medieval Times occurred from 480 to 1500 A.D. It got its name from the Latin word which means Middle Ages. It is also known as the Middle Ages.

48
Q

Describe the difference between early Middle Ages, high Middle Ages and the late Middle Ages.

A

Early Middle Ages 500-1000 A.D.
•457 – fall of the Western Roman empire to the vandals
•800- Charlemagne crowned king of the holy Roman empire. Feudalism took hold.

High Middle Ages 1000-1300 A.D.
•1066 – William the conqueror, Duke of Normandy became king of England until 1087
•1096–1291- age of the Crusades
•1215- King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta

Late middle ages 1300 to 1500 A.D.
•1311-1315 – the Great Famine
•1348 – the Black Death
•1381- English peasants rebel against feudalism, 100 years war ends 
•1485- Middle Ages Ends
49
Q

Describe the structure of feudalism

A

Feudalism is a social pyramid where ruler or Lord offers a unit of land to work in exchange for military services. It was based off of the three F’s: fief (land), fealty (loyalty), and faith.

Since the Kings cannot control their kingdoms by themselves, they split up a large portions of land to get out to their most trusted, wealthy parents who then text him for themselves and divided the rest between nice nights of choice, the nights and then gave some of their portions to peasants were forced to work and not able to leave. And return for working/receiving land, people had to protect and were granted protection from invasion.

50
Q

How did a Manor run and what did it look like

A

The Manor was the core of the feudal life. It was an independent community where people were slave peasants for the entirety of their lives. There were farmlands, Woodlands, common pasture, villages etc. The Baron (Lord) of the Manor made serfs work the land and the Lord live the nicest. Basically a manner is a piece of land given to a Baron (Lord) by the king that the Baron (Lord) operates, serfs work the land for protection, it is like a small country.

The manor is the land the barons were given to from the Kings. It was like a small country; the Kings castle was the capital and most manors included meadows,forests, fields, pastures, rivers,orchards, a mill and bakehouse, a well, a wine press, a tannery, a church and a village. The barons ruled manors and the manners were split up by Knights who had to support and serve the King and Baron. Peasants were forced to work and labor in the manners.

51
Q

Outline the basic jobs of the following and describe what each of their lives would’ve been like: Lord

A

– Supervising the various operations of the matter:
•finding a place for surplus of food
•organizing the construction of bridges canals roads etc.
•being the judge of the village

His life would be busy and full of responsibility and tasks.

52
Q

Priest

A 
– Baptize babies 
– confirm baptize children as Christians 
– gave people the Eucharist
– conducted marriages 
– gave funerals and buried the dead 
– held mass every Sunday/holy days

His the life would’ve been filled with serving the church.

53
Q

Knight

A

– Protect the week, poor and church
– were constructed to follow the code of chivalry

Their lives were filled with violence, seeking conflict, and on the side filled with loud parties, gambling, drinking and prostitution.

54
Q

Trader

A

– Get permission/pay a special toll to get into each matter
– traded goods
– mostly traded locally

His life was tough fashion certain he constantly feared attack.

55
Q

Serf

A

– Worked in the fields
– females did most household chores
– males had to work part time for the Lord of the Manor

Their lives were filled with physical labor with little time for entertainment (although they did enjoy beer).

56
Q

Miller

A

– First specialist at medieval times – began to develop in 1000 A.D.
– wind, water, grain mills

57
Q

Describe the steps a person had to go through in order to become a knight.

A

To become a night, a boy I had to live as a page in the castle for seven years. He helped the ladies of the castle and trained for warfare. Next he became a squire or devoted attendant to his Lord. He polished armor, helped care for the horses, carried shields weapons for tournaments and into battle.

58
Q

Define fief

A

A grant of land or estate

59
Q

Define manor

A

A landed estate or territorial unit, originally of the nature of the feudal system

60
Q

Define Tithe

A

Money or crops given to the church worth 1/10 of a person’s income

61
Q

Define Lord

A

A ruler who grants a fief in return for military services

62
Q

Define vassal

A

A person who received a fief, the vassal owed the Lord:
• Knights/foot soldiers
•Ransom money if the Lord is captured in war
• housing/food when the Lord/his Knights visit the vassals fief

63
Q

Define knight

A

A warrior who pledges loyalty to a Lord, often in exchange for land. Later in the middle ages, A knight received training and live by a code.

64
Q

Define peasant

A

A person who works the land

65
Q

Define homage

A

A vassals oath of loyalty to the Lord, often in exchange for land.

66
Q

Define serf

A

A peasant of the lowest class, who is bound to the land and cannot leave it.

67
Q

Define chivalry

A

The qualities/behavior expected of a night such as honor, courage and courtesy.

68
Q

Define burghers

A

And inhabitant of a town, especially a member of the middle class.

69
Q

What does the term renaissance refer to?

A

The term renaissance comes from the French word meaning rebirth. In the renaissance time, many changes occurred including the revival of art, literature and learning.

70
Q

In what time period did the Renaissance take place?

A

The renaissance time period took place from the 14th to the 16th century (1301 A.D. to 1501 A.D.)

71
Q

In what region did the renaissance begin?

A

The Renaissance began in 1350 AD in Florence, Northern Italy, after the black plague swept through the country.

72
Q

What social conditions caused the Renaissance?

A
  • fall of feudalism
  • Impact of the Crusades
  • decline in the influence of the church
  • wealth and prosperity
  • invention of printing press and paper
  • The fall of Constantinople
  • Role of progressive rulers and nobles
  • geographical voyages
73
Q

How did life change for people from the middle ages to the Renaissance?

A

Peoples lives changed immensely during the transition from medieval times to the Renaissance period. During the middle ages, people believed that life was meant to be hard and that everything revolved around hard labor, but around the 14th century a new way of thinking known as humanism developed. Humanism made people believe that life was enjoyable and found new comforts. People then started to encourage education about science, art and literature and thought that it would make for a better life. People began to rely less on religion and more on education.

74
Q

How has the Renaissance influenced life today?

A

The Renaissance has influenced modern life today (2016) by the importance of literature, art, science, education in general, architecture and their many inventions including the printing press.

75
Q

List five people from the Renaissance time period. Describe their contribution to the time period and how their work/life has impacted society today.

A

Leonardo Da Vinci:
Painter, scientist, inventor and a polymath(person who’s expertise spans across a wide variety of subjects)
Mona Lisa

Galileo:
Created one of the first modern telescopes. He and Copernicus changed our way of seeing our solar system when they created model of our universe showing the sun as the center instead of the earth.
Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician.

Michelangelo:
Painter, sculptor, and an architect. Spirit of Renaissance. Sistine chapel ceiling, sculpture of David, responsible for 16th-century Florence becoming the center of the movement of artist that permanently enriched the western culture.

Boccaccio:
One of the many inspirations of the Renaissance time. He studied law and business but his main interest for poetry and writing. His most famous work with the Decameron. Known to be a loyal humanist.

William Shakespeare:
Poet, playwright and an actor and is known as the greatest writer in the English language and is a world renowned dramatist.has written at least 37 plays at 154 sonnet including Romeo and Juliet ,MacBeth, Julius Caesar and a Midsummer nights dream. Impacted your Renaissance by extending vocabulary and language, including influence of Greek and Roman culture and work, promoting humanist ideas, secular mutual music, and much more.

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