HIstory and Approaches Flashcards
Why does psychology sometimes test obvious hypotheses?
What we think is obvious may not always be true
When Solomon Asch designed his lines experiment how did he think people would answer the question?
He thought that people would answer with the correct answer even though everyone else was answering with the wrong answer.
The Solomon Asch lines experiment show what?
That peer pressure is a powerful motivator
In psychology, misattribution refers to what?
making a mistaken assumption as to what caused a feeling
Researchers in the bridge experiment concluded what?
we can misattribute what caused our feelings
The humanistic psychologist who offered a supportive environment for clients to delve into their feelings was?
Carl Rogers
The prominent cognitive psychologist who suggested our past experiences shape our problem solving skills was?
Jean Paiget
The psychology field devoted to studying connections between the body and thoughts, moods and actions is?
Biological Psychology
Behavioral psychologist who refuted the concept of free will was?
B.F. Skinner
Psychodynamic approach, championed by Signmund Freud, focuses on the study of what?
Unconscious urges and early childhood experiences
The possible cause that’s being studied in an experiment is known as
Independent Variable
In a scientific experiment, the group that is actively tested is the _______
Experimental Group
the placebo effect occurs when ______
a study’s control group falsely believes that they are being treated
The possible effect that is being studied in an experiment is known as
dependent variable
What is the goal of a double blind study
to prevent the researchers from influencing the outcome
Functionalism is a forbearer of what modern-day psychology approach?
Evolutionary Psychology
What is Functionalism?
The study of the evolutionary advantages certain behaviors can provide
What is the goal of introspection?
To learn what occurred in peoples heads as they completed various tasks
Who was William James’ approach heavily influenced by?
Charles Darwin
What is the name of the approach pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt?
Structuralism
What does Psychodynamic research focus on?
the unconscious
Behavior getting influenced by a combination of reinforcements and punishments is an example of _______
Conditioning
THe tendency of people to use the closeness of objects to each other in order to perceive a larger image is what?
The Law of Proximity
Talk therapy and dream analysis are techniques used in which approach?
Psychoanalysis
In Gestalt psychology, our ability to perceive a whole without first noticing its parts is referred to as _____
Emergence
The psychology field that developed in responsive to behavioral psychology and focuses on how we learn, solve problems and make decisions is known as ________
Cognitive Psychology
Self-Actualization is thought to be a key motivating factor in _______
Humanistic Psychology
The field devoted to studying how we progress from one phase to another throughout our lives is ______
Developmental Psychology
The psychology field that focuses on our family and friends influencing our behavior is ______
Social Psychology
The practice of clinical psychology includes individuals who act as _____
licensed counselors
Phillip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment would’t be approved today because it _________
caused physical and psychological harm
The American Psychological Association most commonly allows experiments to be conducted involving all of the following EXCEPT:
* BIRDS * MICE * HUMANS * PRIMATES * RATS
PRIMATES
In evaluating potential experiments, a research organization’s institutional review board tries to do what?
Find a balance between the value to science and the potential harm done
Deception in psychological research is _______
Allowed but minimized as much as possible
The two guiding principles for ethical standards in psychological research are _________
Minimize harm and Informed Consent
What did Structuralists believe?
That consciousness was made up of basic elements that were combined in different ways to produce different perceptions.
What did Structuralists want to discover?
The form, or basic elements of mental experience.
Who set up the first Psychology Lab in the U.S.?
Edward Titchener
Who are some of the famous structuralists?
Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener
What did Functionalist believe?
consciousness and behavior in general helped people and animals adjust to their environments
What did Functionalist want to discover?
How mental experiences or processes were adaptive, or functional, for people.
Define biological approach.
Behavior is the workings of genes, the nervous system, hormones, neurotransmitters etc.
Define psychodynamic approach.
thoughts, feelings and behaviors stem from the interaction on innate drives and society’s restrictions on the expression of those drives. (Sigmund Freud)
Define behaviorist approach
explains behavior primarily in terms of learned responses to predictable patterns of environmental stimuli (Pavlov’s Dog experiment)
Define cognitive approach
developed in large part as a reaction against behaviorism. Focuses on explaining behavior in terms of expectations, feelings, thoughts etc.
Define humanistic approach.
people aren’t merely machines whose behaviors are determined for them by a genetic code, conflicted childhood, brushes with stimuli or cold mechanical calculations. ** Motivated by a desire for optimal growth and development (Self-actualization)
Correlational Studies
involve assessing the relationship between two variables, but because neither variable is manipulated there is no way to determine whether changes in one variable cause changes in the other, only how changes in one are related to changes in the other can be determined.
Positive Relationship
high scores on one variable tend to be paired with high scores on the other variable (and low scores with low scores)
Negative Relationship
high scores on one variable tend to be paired with low scores on the other variable
correlation coefficient
will describe the strength of the relationship
