History America

Question 1

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What caused the Wall Street Crash to happen?

Answer 1

1. Business was booming in the 1920s -> increasing demand for goods even though half of the USA was poor.
2. Which Lead to an overproduction crises & as confidence dipped people refrained from buying shares.
3. This all led to the October 1929 Crash.

Question 2

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What are some events of the Wall Street Crash?

Answer 2

1. Black Thursday, 24th October 1929 -> 13 Million Shares were sold. ( more than any other day )
2. Banks attempted to inflate share value by buying millions of them, Did Not Work.
3. Mass Panic of shares selling, ultimately leading to the Wall Street Crash

Question 3

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What were some economic consequences of the Wall Street Crash?

Answer 3

1. Share Prices fell until 1932. Lost 80% of their value.
2. By 1933, 5,000 banks has Collapsed ( Bank of New York Collapsed -> 400,000 lost their savings )
3. Borrowing became impossible, no new companies could be started.
4. Sales of goods fell by 80%, No Demand + Investment = Workers Layed off.
5. Unemployment reached 13 Million by 1932 ( Some places reached 30% of work force )

Question 4

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What were some social consequences of the Wall Street Crash?

Answer 4

1. Since many people had borrowed money they couldn’t pay back, There were several suicides.
2. Enourmous loss of confidence in the American way, if the stock-market collapsed, what could be next?
3. Shanty-towwns begam to appear on outskirts of American cities, Called Hoovervilles

Question 5

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What are some ways Hoover attempted to combat the Crisis?

Answer 5

1. 1929 Agricultural Marketing Act
- Intended to help keep farm produce prices high as Hoover bought up any unused stock.
- Backfired as it encourages farmers to overproduce even more.

2. 1930 Hawley-Smoot Tarrif Act
- Set a tarrif on goods imported into the USA, Intended to make foreign goods more expensive than American ones.
- Backfired as other countries responded by taxing American goods sold in their country, Making it more difficult for America to make money.

3. 1932 Emergency Relief Act ( ERA )
- Gave US States ( In Total ) $300 Million in loans to support the unemployed.
- Backfired as few states took advantage of this due to the fear of not being able to repay these loans.

Question 6

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

A) Who were the Bonus Marchers?
B) What affect did they have on Hoover’s Reputation

Answer 6

A ( 1932 ) 20,000 Ex-Soldiers From WW1 that had been promised a payment of $500 by an Act of 1924. Due in 1945
- Hoover refused to pay them and used the US army to clear them away.

B) As a result, Hoover was deeply unpopular, which contributed to Roosevelt being elected in the 1932 presidential election.

Question 7

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What gave the foundation for Roosevelt’s New Deal?

Answer 7

The Three R’s
1. Relief - spend money to relieve hunger and get the unemployed back to work.
2. Recovery - support businesses and solve the problems with the banks.
3. Reform - create a welfare system to support people in need as well as make sure banks and businesses did not get into trouble again.

Roosevelt had congress pass laws that would support the 3 R’s.
- Resulting in multiple government agencies that became known as the Alphabet Agencies.

Question 8

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What were some government agencies that were set up due to Roosevelts First New Deal?

Answer 8

1. Emergency Banking Act ( EBA )
- Closed all banks for four days.
- Supported 5,000 banks & promised people they would not lose all their money if banks failed again. ( 2,500 Given Back If So )
- Banks were investigated & re-opened when they had enough funds.

2. Federal Emergency Relief Agency ( FERA )
- Provided $500 Million for food, clothing & housing for the poor.

3. Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC )
- Men aged 18-25 were offered jobs in the countryside, clearing forests, replanting trees etc. ( Around 2 Million )
- This only helped 8,000 Woman & It didn’t provide permanent work

4. Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA )
- Farmers were paid to destroy some crops and livestock to force up prices.
- Farmers earned 1.5x as much in 1936 as they had in 1933.

5. National Recovery Act ( NRA )
- This was set up to improve wages, working hours and conditions.

These Focused on Relief & Recovery

Question 9

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What were some government agencies that were set up due to Roosevelts Second New Deal?

Answer 9

1. Works Progress Administration ( WPA )
- Set up more schemes to create jobs for more work for public building projects including roads, harbours & airports.

2. Social Security Act ( SSA )
- This act provided benefits for the elderly, the disabled and the unemployed, as well as widows and orphans.

Question 10

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What were some Successes of the New Deal?

Answer 10

1. Unemployment had fallen to around 5.6m by 1941
2. Confidence was restored in the Gov.t & their ability to help.
3. The Banking Industry was stabilised
4. 2.5m Jobs were created with the CCC alone
5. Farmers Income roughly doubled in the 1930s

Question 11

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What were some Critiques/Oppositions to the New Deal?

Answer 11

1. The Supreme Court had decided that the NRA exceeded the power of the president & Infringed the rights of the states.

2. Republicans said the New Deal was spending money they did not have ( Deficit Spending )

3. Big Business attacked Roosevelt because he was giving to much power to trade union. In 1937 & 38’ there was a wave of strikes.

4. Huey Long ( Governor of Louisiana ) said there should be more done to share America’s Wealth equally.

Question 12

Chapter 1 - Economic Downturn & Recovery

What were some Failures of the New Deal?

Answer 12

1. Recovery was only partial. In 1937 industry was still only working at 75% of its 1929 level.

2. Black American gained little imporvement in their civil rights.

3. Women made little progress towards equality. They were still paid less than men for the same work.

4. Many of the schemes that Roosevelt started only lasted for a few months. The CCC provided work for 6~9 months only.

Question 13

Chapter 2 - Economic impacts of WWII & post-war developments

What impacts/effects did WWII have on American?

Answer 13

1. FDR set up the War Production Board in Jan 1941, which led to the production of $183b worth of supplies. ( Greatly boosting the economy )
- The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 helped this to happen.

2. The Office of War Mobilization was set up to control national prices and wages to prevent them both from becoming too high.
- Production of cars were stopped to produce war material instead.

3. In 1937, the defence industries were responsible for less than 1.5 per cent of the USA’s income, by 1945, this had risen to 50%.

4. The war quickly ended the unemployment crisies from the GD as the demand for industrial products was very high.
- There were 8.1 million unemployed people in the USA in 1940 but only just over 1 million by 1945

5. At the end of the war, US citizens wanted to start spending their money.
- This resulted in booms in car sales and house building. By the end of the 1940s, the USA was making 57% of the world’s steel and 80% of the world’s cars.

Question 14

Chapter 2 - Economic impacts of WWII & post-war developments

What are some ways US society become more affluent post-WWII?

Answer 14

1. Truman increased the minimuim wage, as well as giving old age benefits to a further 10m Americans.

2. By the start of the 1950s, Americans had spent $100 billion that they had saved up during WWII.

3. As people become more affluent, they began spending more on luxury goods.
- E.g. By 1960, 90% of American homes owned a TV & 75% of homes had a Car.
- Advertising in newspaper & magazines, on TV aswell convinced many Americans to purchase goods.

4. Due to the Consumer Cycle, people felt much happier borrowing money.
- Hire Purchase had also increased by 800% between 1947 & 1957, allowing people to buy more goods than they would normally be able to.

Consumer Cycle - A cycle where as people spend more money, businesses make more money, and pay their workers more. As a result peoples jobs are more secure so they spend more money and the cycle continues.

Hire Purchase - Allows people to buy assests in installments.

Question 15

Chapter 2 - Economic impacts of WWII & post-war developments

What was Suburanisation?

Answer 15

• This was when in the 1940s & 50’s living areas were being built on the outer edges of town. These were built to attract middle-class families away from town centres.
• As most American families had car’s during this period, they didn’t need to live near where they worked, meaning they could avoid the dangerous city life while raising their children.

Key Fact - Levittown was the first planned suburb, built outside of New York. Each part was made of 27 parts meaning they could be built quickly.

Question 16

Chapter 2 - Economic impacts of WWII & post-war developments

What were some advantages of living in the Suburbs?

Answer 16

1. Surbubia embodied the ‘American Dream’. Families could bring their children into spacious homes surrounded by neighbours who were just as affluent as them.

2. Reasonably priced Houses & low interests rates on loans.
- Allowed for WWII veterans to get cheap loans and buy themselves a house.

3. These new houses had big driveways, & came with many modern labour saving appliances ( e.g. Frigdes ).

Key Fact - In 1920, only 17% of Americans had lived in the suburbs. By 1960, the number was almost 31%.

Question 17

Chapter 2 - Economic impacts of WWII & post-war developments

What were some causes of poverty in America? ( 1950s & 60’s )

Answer 17

1. African Americans & other ethnic minorities were
discriminated against, so they were paid a lot less than white Americans.
- In 1955, 40% of the people in New York who were claiming welfare benefits were African Americans.

2. The elderly had little in the way of pensions as they had not had the money to save for one.
- In 1960, almost 68% of people over the age of 65 had an income of less than $1,000 a year.

3. Disabled people found it difficult to get jobs as a result of discrimination and a lack of suitable roles.
- In 1947, 3% of US homes had no running water and 40% didn’t have access to a toilet.

4. In rural communities there were fewer job oppturnities due to mechanisation.
- In Mississippi in 1960, 60% of families were living on less than $2,000 a year.

Question 18

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

What was life like before WWII for black Americans? ( 1930s )

Answer 18

1. In southern states in the USA black Americans had their own separate cafes, cinemas, transport and toilets.

2. ‘Jim Crow’ Laws prevented black Americans from voting and enforced separate and unequal schools.

3. ‘Jim Crow’ Laws were state laws that forced, for example, black Americans to pass tests in order to vote. 32 states had segregated schools.

Extra Info - The NAACP was founded in 1909 and tried to raise the issue of their denial of civil rights.

Question 19

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the contributions made by Black Americans during WWII.

Answer 19

1. Initially Black Americans were only allowed into supporting roles - ( e.g. Working in the kitchens, or carrying messages )
- This later changed due to the increasing amounts of wounded white soldiers.

2. By 1945, almost 750,000 black Americans were serving in the armed forces.

3. The 761st Tank Battalion was a predominantly black unit and became known as the Black Panthers ( Not the same as the 1960s Black Panthers )
- There were also Black Squadrons of fighter pilots, a famous one being Tuskegee Airmen.

Jim Crow Army ~ US armed forces were segregated into units, these were known as the Jim Crow Army.

Question 20

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

What are some impacts the war had on Black Americans Civil Rights?

Answer 20

1. Due to discrimination during the war, by 1946 the NAACP had risen from 50,000 to around 450,000.

2. The number of black Americans working from the Gov.T rose from 50k to 200k & roughly 2M Americans were in the war industry.
- These were jobs that they would have not had Pre-WWII

3. In 1942 CORE was set up & black nespapers set up the Double V campaign. Victory over Hitler & Victory in the struggle for equality.

4. There were only 12 Black officers in US Army at the start of WWII, By the end they were appointed in all 3 services.
- The Air Force began to train black pilots, 600 in Total.

In 1941 FDR issued Executive Order 8802, which banned discrimnation agaisnt black Americans in the workforce. ( Also set up the FEPC to ensure these were carried out. )

Question 21

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the Brown v Topeka Case & what significance it had in the fight for Civil Rights.

Answer 21

• In 1951, Linda Brown’s parents asked for her to be moved to school closer to where she lived, she was denied due to her race.
• Linda’s parents requested the help of the NAACP for their court case that went all the way to the Supreme Court.
• Oliver Brown won his case, leading to the 1954 ruling by the supreme Court ‘Seperate but equal is inherently unconsititutial’

Question 22

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the events of Little Rock High.

Answer 22

1. In 1957, 9 Black students tried to attend Little Rock Highschool.
- This was arranged by the NAACP & was only able to be done due to the Brown V Topeka case in 1954.

2. Governer Orval Faubus ordered state troopers to prevent them for going to the school.
- When they did turn up they faced an angry mob and were escorted home.

3. President Eisenhower tried to persuade Governer Faubus & allow the students to attend the school
- Eisenhower sent in 1,200 troops to aid the students & were finally able to attend the school.

• Even after LRH, By 1963 there were only 30,000/2,900,000 children at mixed school in the South.
• In 1957, Eisenhower introduced the first Civil Rights Act since 1875, prosecuting anyone who tried to deny American Citizens their rights.

Question 23

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the events that occured with James Meredith & Ole Miss.

Answer 23

1. In 1962, Ole Miss was ordered by the Supreme Court to allow James Meredith to enroll.
- Rose Barnett had a law passed that prevented convicted criminals from entering the school. ( James Meredith had been one )

2. JFK sent 300 US Marshals to protect Meredith until graduation due to prior riots by White Americans.
- Later 2,000 federal troops were sent in due to more rioting.

3. Through the example of ‘James Meredith’, it was shown that the Federal Gov.t was supportive of Black American students across America.

Question 24

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the events of the Montomgery Bus Boycott.

Answer 24

1. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man.

2. The NAACP, led by Jo Ann, immediatly called for the Bus Boycott, in an attempt to end discrimination on buses.
- Around 70% of bus passengers were black at the time.
- On the day of Rosa’s trial, around 90% of Black Americans were taking part.

3. The MIA, led by MLK, was then formed, they then decided to continue on the Boycotts. The MIA organised car lifts so people didnt have to use the bus.
- Paticipating Black Americans were beaten, around 90 leading figures were arrested & black homes were burnt down by opposition.
- This Boycott lasted 381 Days.

4. Case, Browder v Gayle, was pushed by the NAACP to the Supreme Court as they argued it violated the 14th Ammendment.
- The Supreme Court agreed & in Decemeber 1956, the Alabama buses were finally desgregated.

Question 25

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the Freedom Rides.

Answer 25

1. In May 1961, CORE would set up the Freedom Rides. On these rides black Americans would deliberatly break segregation laws.
- This was to highlight that Browder v Gayle was not being enforced.

2. In Anniston, Alabama, one bus had petrol bombs thrown at it while the next bus to arrive had it’s passengers removed and attacked by an angry mob.

3. Police did little to help so JFK sent in marshall troops to protect them.
- In September 1961 the ICC ordered that buses & states must be desegragated immediatly.

ICC - Interstate Commerce Commission
The first Freedom Ride was on 4th May 1961 & it went from Washington to New Orleans.

Question 26

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the 1963 March on Birimingham & it’s importance in the fight for Civil Rights.

Answer 26

March on Birmingham:
1. Birmingham had become the focus the Civil Rights movement since; nothing had been done to desegregate & over 50% of inhabitants were black.
- They were confident the incident would get coverage.

2. MLK organised a campaign to force the city to back down, Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor responded with violence. Arrested had reached 500 a day.

3. JFK sent a representitve to negotiate for the end of these protests, George Wallce & the KKK tried to stop this from happening.

Importance:
1. Impacts of the even went far beyond the city, TV coverage had a huge effect on US & World Opinion.

2. Birmingham began to segregate & the protests ended.

3. JFK was influenced by the events to where he was sure a Civil Rights Act was needed to prevent this from happening again.

Question 27

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the 1963 March on Washington & it’s importance in the fight for Civil Rights.

Answer 27

March On Washington:
1. In August 1963, Congress was debating JFK’s Civil Rights bill. Many Civil Rights organisations organised a March in Washington to show support of the bill.
- Kennedy asked for the march to be called of to prevent the Civil Rights bill from being denied.

2. Around 250,000 people had gathered to hear speeches about how to improve Civil Rights. 20-25% of the people marching were white
- MLK also gave his ‘I Have A Dream’ speech.

Importance:
1. Due to the number of attendees, this march further raised awareness to the CRM & effectiveness of peacful protest.

CRM - Civil Rights Movement
While JFK was assinated in Nov 1963, his successor, Lydon B Johnson, got his CRL passed in 1964.

Question 28

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the 1963 March on Selma & it’s importance in the fight for Civil Rights.

Answer 28

March on Selma:
1. President Johnson removed voting rights from the Civil Rights Act to get it passed through congress.

2. In order to get new voting rights, Civil Right campaigneers focused on Selma.
- MLK organised a peaceful March from Selma to Montgomery to appeal their voting rights.

3. 7 March 1965, police attacked the marchers & the day became known as Bloody Sunday, shown in TV & newspapers.
- A 2nd March later took place leading to President Johnson getting a Voting Rights Act Passed in August 1965.

Importance:
1. There was alot of TV coverage spreading the message

2. It led to the Voting Rights Act being passed in August 1965.

Question 29

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

What led to the Nation of Islam & Black Nationalism?

Answer 29

1. In the 1960s, black Americans started to grow tired of MLK’s peaceful approach as it as simply taking to long.
- This led to growing support for Black Nationalism, the idea that white Americans couldnt be trust to solve their problems & they needed to live separatly.

2. One such group being the Nation of Islam, a religious group that argued for equality through black & white Americans living separatly.

This is good Historical Context for a Malcom X Question.

Question 30

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the work of Malcom X in the 1960s.

Answer 30

1. Malcom X focused his efforts on Urban black American communities up north, like New York.

2. He set up education schemes for young black Americans, who made up the majority of the Nation of Islam.

3. Malcom X also helped young black Americans reconnect with their African Heritage.
- Many would go on to be apart of the Black Power Movement.

4. On 26 March 1964, Malcolm X joined MLK in Washington, DC, to support the creation of the Civil Rights Act.

• Malcom X had focused on solving issues by poverty among black Americans
• He had also shown black Americans they should be proud of their culture & identity, which was an important influence for the Black Power Movement.

Question 31

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the Black Power Movement.

Answer 31

1. Black Power was a phrase used to describe the idea that black Americans should be more direct & aggressive agaisnt discrimination.
- Stokely Carmichael was the leader of the BPM, while he had been the leader of the SNCC in 1964, violence from discrimination led him to more radical views.

2. One way frustation with discrimination was shown was through race riots. The most serious of these were in Watts district of Los Angeles, Californa in 1965.
- Riots resulted in 100’s of deaths, 1000’s of injuries & $100’s of millions in property damage.

3. The 1968 Olympics, broadcasted to over 1billion people, gave a good chance for Black Power Protest.
- Tommie Smith & John Carlos made a BPP when standing on their podium. Done by performing a Black Power Salute with a black glove on.

Question 32

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

What Impacts did the Black Power Movement have?

Answer 32

Positive:
1. It persuaded Civil Rights organisations, like SCLC, to turn their focus away from passing laws & more towards improving the living conditions and enonomic circumstances for black Americans.

2. It also persuaded President Johnson that more needs to be done to help black Americans, especially in eductation.
- This led to him supporting bussing & police of affirmation action, which was to enourage employers to hire more black Americans.

Negative:
1. They were blamed for race riots & many white Americans felt alienated by the movements ideas & approach.

Bussing - Using buses to take students from the black American parts of a town to schools in the white American parts.

Question 33

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the Black Panthers & What they achieved for black Americans.

Answer 33

Black Panthers:

1. A black American organisation set up by Bobby Seale & Huey Newton in 1966.
- Inspired by Malcom X, they gained alot of publicity ( 5K Member Max ). The FBI considered them enough of a threat to surveillance.

2. Believed black Americans would be better of in a communist society. They developed the Ten-Point Programme that demanded decent jobs, house & education.

Achievements:

1. Created free medical clinics for black Americans.

2. Starting breakfast clubs to prevent hungry children.

3. Reducing levels of gang violence.

4. Organising courses of black American History.

Question 34

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

Describe the 1964 Civil Rights Act & it’s achievements.

Answer 34

Context:

1. JFK had started working on a new Civil Rights bill in 1963 but it faced major opposition in congress.
- After JFK’s assissnation, new President Lydon Johnson persuaded congress to pass the Civil Rights Bill in honor of Kennedy.

Achievments:

1. Banned Segregation is public places, business & education.

2. Made the Gov.t responsible for prosecuting business and people that were accused of discrimination.

3. Put the FEPC in charge of making sure that people were not being discriminated agaisnt at work.
- Also created the EEOC to enforce the act.

FEPC - Fair Employment Practices Comittee
EEOC - Equal Employment Oppturnity Commission

Question 35

Chapter 3 - The issue of Civil Right, 1941-70

What lead to the 1965 Civil Rights Act & what did it achieve?

Answer 35

Context:

1. During the Selma March, protestors were beaten by the police & this was broadcasted on the TV.
- The March & the publicity quickly convinced President Johnson to act, leading to the August 1965 Voting Rights Act.

Achievement:

1. Literacy tests were ended

2. States now had to ask the Gov.t for permission to use different Voting Qualifications.

3. Federal agents were used to make sure that there was no Voting Discrimination.

4. By the end of 1965, 250,000 black Americans were able to vote, this increased to 750,000 by 1968.
- In Mississippi, there was an 1,000% in black Americans able to vote.

5. Increase in number of black political representatives, including local councillors & eventually members of congress.

Question 36

Chapter 5 - Social Change

What are some Changes in Music that occured between the 1950s-2000s?

Answer 36

1950’s;
- Witnessed the birth of rock and roll
- Elvis presley sung songs like ‘hound dog’ and ‘heartbreak hotel’
- First rock and roll star to influence youth in their attitude to authority and their appearance.

1960’s;
- Hard rock grew popular.
- Characterised by British bands like Beatles and Rolling stones.
- Parents were shocked by children’s explosion of anger and lack of respect for law

1970-2000;
- In 1970s, disco performers such as Donna Summerland the Bee Gees were popular, particularly with woman
- Opposite was heavy metal which is associated with aggression and masculinity.

Question 37

Chapter 5 - Social Change

What are some Changes in Entertainment ( Cinema ) that occured between the 1940s-2000s?

Answer 37

• Over 4000 drive ins spread across USA and is popular for teen dates, called “passion pits”
• First multiplex was built in 1963 by Stanley H.Durwood in Ward Parkway Centre in Kansas City.
• 1940’s and 50’s saw the rise in antiheros who lacked traditional heroic qualities including people like James Dean and Marlon Brando.
• The VCR encouraged film hire and home viewing and was a further stimulus to the film industry.
• In 1990’s cinema attendance was up in multiplex theatres as people queued up to watch the big money actors of the era.

• Average cinema attendances fell from 90 million a week in 1946 to 47 million ten years later
• 3/4 of households owned a VCR by 1991

Question 38

Chapter 5 - Social Change

What are some Changes in Entertainment ( Television ) that occured between the 1940s-2000s?

Answer 38

• The average American family watched 6 hours a day with the rise of subscription television
• people from other countries watching American TV shows in the 1950’s may have thought that every American is a White Christian
• throughout the years of television, these ideals of what your life should look like were ingrained in people’s minds, with few racial or religious minorities ever shown on TV
• television failed to recognise the amazing diversity within the USA

• Number of televisions increased from 7,000 in 1946 to 50 million by 1960
• Between 1959 and 1970, the percentage of households with at least one television went from 88 to 96 percent

Question 39

Chapter 5 - Social Change

What are some Devlopments in IT that occured in the 1980s-2000s?

Answer 39

• Microsoft launch the first retail version of Microsoft windows on 20 Novemeber 1985 which had competition with their rivals Apple Inc. set up by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne
• This competition greatly inspired the growth in sales of personal computers
• Release of Windows 98 in June 1998 with the Microsoft browser integrated into the desktop enables Bill Gates to take advantage of the enormous growth of the internet
• More and more of youth’s leisure time was takn up with social networking leading to a passive lifestyle, lacking exercise and leading to obesity

Question 40

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Changes in Literature

Answer 40

• Quest for the ‘great american novel’ led to the publication of great works like “To Kill A Mockingbird” focusing on issues of racial inequality and rape
• Salinger’s “The Catcher in the Rye” focused on the theme of teenage rebellion in US society
• Another major part of the change in literature post WW2 was counterculture challenging against American conservatism
• Allen Ginsburg led the way with his poem “Howl” in 1956 which was so sexually explicit that it shocked contemporary American society.

Question 41

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Changes in Youth Cutlure

Answer 41

1950’s
- Decade saw the teenager and teenage rebellion being created
- Developed their own identity by wearing distinctive clothing while others ‘dropped out’ of conventional society altogether to become beatniks

Factors
- Young people had way more money to spend than the previous generation an average of $10-15 a week compared to $1-2 in 1940’s
- teenager’s annual spending power climbed from $10 billion in 1950 to $25 billion in 1959
- First generation to grow up under shadow of nuclear war, the world could end at any time so teenagers wanted to enjoy ‘today’.
- many teenagers influenced by youth films such as ‘Rebel Without a Cause’ and was the first film to bring up the issue of the generation gap

Question 42

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Youth Counterculture

Answer 42

Teenagers further created their own identity by:
- Growing hair longer, beards became common
- Wearing blue jeans and t shirts
- Use of illegal drugs increased
- Introduction of contraceptive pill seemed to encourage greater sexual freedom

Hippy Movement
- Other people decided to ‘drop out’ of society and become hippies
- This led to them developing an ‘alternate lifestyle’
- Hippies were known as ‘flower children’ for handing out flowers to the police
- San Francisco was the hippie capital of America
- Their frequent use of drugs meant many clashes with the police who they called ‘pigs’
- Highest point of the movement was at Woodstock Rock Concert where in 1969 (over three days) in rural New York State, over half a million people attended
- They were a concern to the older generation because:
~ hippies often refused to do work
~they experimented in drugs such as marijuana and LSD
~they were from middle class, and not underprivileged backgrounds, they rejected all the values their parents believed in

Question 43

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Student Protest

Answer 43

In 1960’s, students became heavily involved in the civil rights movement and their campaign for greater freedom of speech at universities…

Swinging 60’s
- Called the ‘swinging’ sixties as they moved further away from the older generation and its view on how young people should behave
- They demanded greater freedom in all they did: music, clothing, social life etc.

Influence of MLK
- For many white and black Americans, the first protesting they did was in the civil rights movement
- MLK’s methods proved inspirational with many white students taking part in freedom rides, sit-ins and freedom marches
- Both against the Vietnam War with a disproportionate amount of Black American students being drafted for the war, giving them a mutual challenge

Conflict in Vietnam
- Many students were called up to fight through draft system
- In 1965 there were only 2,000 casualties but this reached 14,000 by 1968
- Some students questioned the right of the USA to be supporting a corrupt South Vietnamese regime
- Even greater opposition came against the chemical weapons used like Agent Orange and napalm (which still affect people today) and the My Lai Massacre in 1968

SDS
- Tom Hayden set up ‘the Students for a Democratic Society’ (or SDS) in 1959 to give a say to students on how university and college courses should be run
- Helped to organise the free speech movement in 1964 where 27,500 students (half of the whole university of Berkeley) took part
- Played a key role in the anti war protests including staging draft card burnings

Question 44

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Importance of student movement

Answer 44

• Although SDS and student protests did not bring an end to the Vietnam War, they certainly forced a shift in government policy which led to the ending of the war
• Influenced LBJ’s choice not to reseek election in 1968
• Also provided greater publicity for the ongoing racism in America, showed most American youths would not tolerate discrimination and segregation
• Most student campaigners were middle class (who were supposed to be the backbone of government support) shocking older generations

Question 45

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Changing role of woman (WW2)

Answer 45

WW2 - mixed results for women
- Women were able to go into more ‘male’ professions like munitions workers instead of nursing, secretaries and teaching
- The number of women employed increased from 12 million in 1940 to 18.5 million in 1945
- 300,000 women joined the armed forces in the army, navy and nursing corps
- however, after the war, majority of women willingly gave up their wartime jobs and returned to their roles as mothers.
- women were on average paid 50-60% less for the same job as a man
- women could still be dismissed from their job when they married

Question 46

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Changing role of women (1950’s)

Answer 46

• Women who went out to work instead of marrying were treated with great suspicion by society
• Growing numbers of women, especially in middle-class backgrounds, were challenging their traditional role as they were getting increasingly frustrated as housewives
• Contraceptive pill gave females a greater choice on when/whether they have children (which would prevent them from having a career)
• In 1950, there were 721,000 women in universities, by 1960, this number had reached 1.3 million
• The impact of convenience foods gave women more time to seek paid employment

Question 47

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Changing role of women (1960’s)

Answer 47

• In 1950, women were 29 percent of the workforce, by 1960 they were nearly 50 percent
• they were seen as often a cheap, part time labour for employers
• Eleanor Roosevelt created a comission that checked the status of women in work and found:
  1. - 95 percent of company managers were men
  2. - 85 percent of technical workers were men
  3. - 7 percent of doctors were women
  4. - 4 percent of lawyers were women
• Betty Friedan set up the NOW (national organisation for women) in order to attack obvious examples of discrimination
• By early 1970’s it had 40,000 members
• In a series of cases between 1966 and 1971 secured $30 million in pay back to women from employers for not getting equal pay to men

Question 48

Chapter 5 - Social Change

Changing role of women (Women’s Liberation Movement and Achivements of women’s movement)

Answer 48

WLM
- Had far more radical aims than NOW
- Believed all signs of male supremacy should be removed
- Believed in protesting by burning their bras and naming a sheep ‘Miss America’ saying the contest was degrading the position of women
- Did more harm than good; actions brought th wrong sort of attention from the media
- Were a distraction from key issues of equal pay and better job opportunities

Achievements
- Equal pay Act 1963 required employers to pay the same amount for both men and women
- Civil Rights Act 1964 made it illegal to disrciminate on grounds of gender
- Supreme court established a woman’s right to abortion after the ‘Roe v. Wade’ case in 1973
- Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1978 prevented businesses discriminating against pregnant women

Question 49

Chapter 6 - Cold War Rivalry

Why did rivalvry develop between the surperpowers after WWII?

Answer 49

1. Stalin did not trust the West & was determined to build a buffer zone.

2. During the war the Soviet people suffered terribly, 26m died. This determined Stalin that this should never happen again.

3. Britian & France had turned down an offer of an alliance with the Soviet Union in 1938.

4. The Allies had delayed invading France until 1944

5. This made Stalin very suspicious of the West.

Question 50

Chapter 6 - Cold War Rivalry

Describe the 1945 Yalta Ukraine Conference.

Answer 50

1. They agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones, each one would be occupied by one of the 4 allies.

2. Soviet leader,** Joseph Stalin**, wanted communist countries in Eastern Europe to protect the Soviet Union from future attacks.

3. They disagreed over the idea of forcing the Germans to pay reparations and over who should govern Poland.

Question 51

Chapter 6 - Cold War Rivalry

Describe the 1945 Postdam Germany Conference.

Answer 51

1. Stalin wanted a large amount of compensation from Germany for all of the death and destruction the country had caused in the Soviet Union.

2. Berlin was divided into 4 sectors, The Nazi Party would be dissolved. War criminals would be tried & punished.

3. There would be free electrions in Germany, freedom of speech & a free pass.

Question 52

Chapter 6 - Cold War Rivalry

Describe the;
1. Truman Doctrine
2. Domino Theory
3. The Marshall Plan

Answer 52

1. In 1947, Harry Truman announced the Truman Doctrine, this contained the policy of containment which said they would go to any lengths to stop the spread of communism.

2. The Domino Theory was the fear that if one country fell to communism, neighbouring countries would follow.

3. This was part of his plan to stop the communist spread, he would offer financial aid to struggling post-WWII countries in hopes it would deter those countries from choosing communism.
- It was also done to paint captitalism in a better light than communism.

4. General George Marshall was put in charge of the Marshall Aid in 1948, which accomplished;

• Between 1948 and 1953, the USA gave 16 Western European countries over $13 billion in aid.
• In return, countries who received aid would agree to buy US goods and allow US companies to invest capital in their industries.
• Countries in Eastern Europe were given nothing which increased tensions.

Question 53

Chapter 6 - Cold War Rivalry

Describe the events of the 1948-49’s Berlin Blockade.

Answer 53

1. From June 1948, until May 1949, Joseph Stalin ordered that all traffic between WG & Wb should be stopped.
- This was in an attempt to force WG into removing their Deutschmark, to halt their economic recovery.

2. This led to President Truman organising the Berlin Airlift, this is where they would try to supply Wb by air
- By April 1949, their were 1,398 flights a day, carrying almost 13,000 tons of supplies.

• In May 1949, Stalin ended the blockade.
• Airlift lasted for 10 Months, involved 275k flights & over 2m supplies.

3. These had also led to the formation of NATO & the Warsaw Pact, NATO being formed in 1949 & it was ** an agreement** that if anyone in the group was attacked, they would all help.
- In May 1955, Eastern European countries came together to form the Warsaw Pact, The creation of these 2 groups formalised the military agression

WG - West Germany
Wb - West Berlin

Question 54

Chapter 6 - Cold War Rivalry

What were the causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Answer 54

Origins of the Crisis

1. In 1959 Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba. Until then Cuba had been under US influence & many companies had invested heavily in the country.

2. Eisenhower refused Castro’s requests for aid & reduced imports of sugar by 95%

3. In 1960 the Soviet Union signed an agreement to buy 1m tonness of Cuban sugar every year.
- Tying the 2 countries closely together.

Why was there a Cuban Missiles Crisis?

1. In April 1961, the CIA tried to overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs. 1,400 Cuban exiles were landed at the Bay of Pigs.

2. It was a disaster & they were all killed or captured, making JFK out to be a fool.

3. In December 1961, Castro announced that he was a communist. There was now a communist country within 90miles of American soil.

4. In October 1962, US spy plane U-2 took photographs which showed Soviet missile basess being built on Cuba.
- Showing the danger of the situation.

Question 55

Chapter 6 - Cold War Rivalry

Describe the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis & what is resulted in?

Answer 55

1. The blockade of Cuba began on 24th October 1962.
- 180 ships were used including a fleet of nuclear submarines.

2. Ships were going back and forth as they were searched for weapons, none were found.
- There was a stalemate & the world was waiting to see how it would end.

3. On 26 & 27th October Kennedy had recieved 2 letters from Krushchev, basically saying if the US removes their missiles from Turkey they will do the same with Cuba.
- On **28th Ocotber Krushchev **ordered the deconstruction of his missile bases
- In public seemed like a great win for Kennedy & Capitalism.

Results:

1. The telephone** ‘hot-line’** was set up, this was to main clear communication between the superpowers to ensure this doesnt happen again.

2. The Partial test ban treaty was passed which ended atmospheric testing with nuclear weapons.