History: Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

A SIGNIFICANT FIGURE in the history of science and medicine in the LATE MIDDLE AGES was

Answer 1

The renaissance man Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim-Paracelsus (1493–1541).

Question 2

In the 16th century, the revolt against the authority of the _____ was accompanied by a parallel attack on the godlike authority exercised by the followers of _____
and _____

Answer 2

Catholic Church
Hippocrates
Galen

Question 3

_____ personally and professionally embodied the qualities that FORCED NUMEROUS CHANGES in this period. He and his age were _____

Answer 3

Paracelsus
pivotal

Question 4

Paracelsus, a _____ and the son of a _____,
formulated many _____ that remain an INTEGRAL PART of the structure of _____ today

Answer 4

physician–alchemist
physician
revolutionary views
toxicology, pharmacology, and therapeutics

Question 5

Paracelsus promoted a focus on the “_____,” the primary toxic agent, as a chemical entity, as opposed to the Grecian concept of the mixture or blend

Answer 5

toxicon

Question 6

A view initiated by Paracelsus that became a lasting contribution held as _____ that

Answer 6

corollaries

(1) experimentation is essential in the examination of responses to chemicals,
(2) Distinction between the therapeutic and toxic properties of chemicals,
(3) these properties are sometimes but not always indistinguishable except by dose, and
(4) degree of specificity of chemicals and their therapeutic or toxic effects

Question 7

These principles led Paracelsus to introduce _____ as the drug of choice for the treatment of _____, a practice that survived _____ years but led to his famous trial.
This viewpoint presaged the “_____” of _____ and the introduction of the _____. Further, in a very real sense, this was the first sound articulation of the _____

Answer 7

mercury
syphilis
300

magic bullet(arsphenamine)
Paul Ehrlich
therapeutic index
dose–response relation, a bulwark of toxicology

Question 8

The _____ spread throughout Europe, and their deeds played a major role in the distribution of _____ throughout the Middle Ages.

Answer 8

tradition of the poisoners
political power

Question 9

The OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS associated with _____
were recognized during the _____

Answer 9

metalworking
15th century

Question 10

Ellenbog

Answer 10

(circa 1480)
Warned of the toxicity of the mercury and lead exposures involved in goldsmithing

Question 11

Agricola

Answer 11

published a short treatise on mining diseases in 1556.

Question 12

On the Miners: Sickness and Other Diseases of Miners (1567), was published by _____ and the treatise addressed the _____, along with treatment and prevention strategies

Answer 12

Paracelsus
etiology of miners’ disease

Question 13

Occupational toxicology was FURTHER ADVANCED by the work of _____
His classic, published in 1700 and entitled _____ , set the STANDARD for occupational medicine well into the 19th century.
BROADENED the field by discussing occupations ranging from _____

Answer 13

Bernardino Ramazzini
Discourse on the Diseases of Workers
miners to midwives and including printers, weavers, and potters.