History A level booklet 1

Question 1

How many states were there in 1830 Italy

Answer 1

9 states, all distinct culture

Question 2

What did the treaty of Vienna do?

Answer 2

The treaty of Vienna restored the borders of a patchwork of Italian states after the disruption of the Napoleonic wars. There was no uniformity to the political geography of these states, each having its own distinct culture of government.

Question 3

what does reactionary rule mean?

Answer 3

Reactionary rule- when a ruler uses oppression to oppose change.

Question 4

who ruled Piedmont and what features did Piedmont have in 1830?

Answer 4

Piedmont-Sardinia- reactionary. Government repealed the code of Napoleon. House of Savoy became rulers. Under King Emmanuel I, Piedmont had taken over Sardinia in 1720. Sardinia was very Spanish. VE was very anti-French and went as far as to plough up parks. Turin was the capital. They had a strong army. After 1815 the church was restored. Long hair and beards were banned as too revolutionary.

Question 5

what features did Lombardy/Venetia have in 1830?

Answer 5

Lombardy/Venetia- it was administered as two separate units, Lombardy from Milan, Venetia from Venice. Venetian aristocrats had influenced over other areas. Reactionary. Austrian control.

Question 6

what feature did the central Duchies-Parma/Modena and Tuscany, have in 1830?

Answer 6

The central duchies-Parma/ Modena and Tuscany- Parma and Modena are facilities separated by the Apennine mountains. In Tuscany, Ferdinand III, improved education. Ferdinand banned the Jesuits. Ferdinand III improved health.

Question 7

what features did the Papal States have in 1830?

Answer 7

Pope control, Austrian army presence. Jewish Children were taken and assimilated as Catholics. Jews were forced to live in ghettos controlled by the state. Poor. Feudal.

Question 8

what features did the kingdom of the Two Sicilies have in 1830?

Answer 8

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies- administered separately. Sicily was controlled by Naples. Kingdom of Naples United Kingdom for 10 centuries, suffered from diseases such as Malaria. Due to poor harvest and inferior land. Ferdinand I, married an Austrian princess and was a member of the royal Bourbons.

Question 9

what was the North like in 1830?

Answer 9

North- in some northern regions there were signs of industrial development but almost totally in the textiles and light industry. Climate meant more productive.

Question 10

What was the South like in 1830?

Answer 10

South- the south was crippled by Malaria. The soil was inferior in south. South had many landless poor who worked as labour.

Question 11

How did the geography in the 1830s cause difficulty in unification?

Answer 11

Difficulties for unification- language barriers and economic divides.

Question 12

what social barriers were there that hindered unification in the 1830s?

Answer 12

Papal States segregated Jews.
Sardinia had a developed army.
Sardinia had a large, increasingly frustrated middle class.
Tuscany-Ferdinand III banned the Jesuits.
Papal states were controlled by the Catholic church, in Rome the Pope wouldn’t allow developments in communications such as telegraphs and railways in case they spread ideas to Papal states.
In Papal states 13 million in 1700 to 18 million by 1800 in North/South divide.
Southerners speak different languages.

Question 13

What economic barriers were there that hindered unification in the 1830s?

Answer 13

90% of Italians worked on land in North/South divide. Turin had economically very advanced.
Lombardy (Milan) was economically and culturally advanced. Sicily suffered from diseases due to poor harvests and infertile land.
In Piedmont and Lombardy there was peasant’s landownership who had around 80,000.
Tuscany had growing towns.
Can’t move between states as need to cross mountains.

Question 14

What political barriers were there that hindered unification in the 1830s?

Answer 14

Sardinia had an established government.
Lombardy had a representative government.
King of the Two Sicilies was Ferdinand I, a member of the Spanish royals like the bourbons.
Sicily was controlled by Naples.
North/ South divide- each state had separate political systems which led to localised economies rather than national economies.
In Modena, members of the nobility that replaced the Italians who held office under Napoleon.
Pope was had a lot of power.

Question 15

what does parochialism mean?

Answer 15

Parochialism= only interested in local affairs

Question 16

what does Nationalism mean?

Answer 16

people of the same race, language, geography, culture and or traditions should be united in an independent nation. it should not be controlled by other nations.

Question 17

what does liberalism mean?

Answer 17

people have a say in government. This was best achieved through a representative assembly or parliament elected by property owners. a rule of laws needed which guaranteed rights such as a fair trial and free speech.

Question 18

what does radicalism mean?

Answer 18

use of violence to achieve aim. wanted social reform and redistribution of wealth. many were members of revolutionary societies and believed that all men should elect a parliament, not just the rich.

Question 19

where did the secret societies originate?

Answer 19

They are thought to have developed from 18th century freemasonry where men formed into secret groups with passwords and rituals. They were viewed as dangerous by the church. After 1815 they aimed to overthrow the restored monarchs and drive out the Austrians

Question 20

who were the members of these secret societies?

Answer 20

Their membership was: army officers students’ lawyers, teachers, and doctors, all well educated and mostly middle class. Workers and peasants were mostly unknown. Most members were patriotic and daring idealists, dreamers, rogues or even criminal. They were prepared to risk their lives for adventure

Question 21

What were the weaknesses of these secret societies?

Answer 21

Their weaknesses were that they were unprepared to work together and lacked organisation. They were small and scattered groups.

Question 22

who were the Carbonari (charcoal burners)?

Answer 22

Best known and active mainly in the south. Also spread to the Papal States and Piedmont. They swore allegiance to their leaders. They were not anti-Catholic or committed republicans. They were fighting to gain constitutions and more rights from the monarchs.

Question 23

How many members did the Carbonari have?

Answer 23

60,000 members in Naples

Question 24

who were theSpillo Negro (Black Pin)
Latinisi
Bersaglieri?

Answer 24

In the Papal States. Little is known about them other than they were anti-Austrian and against the repression of the re-established papal rule. They wanted more liberal ideas.

Question 25

who were the Federati (“the confederates”) and Aldelfi?

Answer 25

Mainly in the North. I Federati led by the Milanese nobleman. Federico Confalonieri. The society favoured constitutional government, but its program was more moderate than that of the Carbonari, though no less anti-Austrian. It renamed itself the Society of the Sublime Perfect Masters in 1818. From December 1821 to January 1823 members of the conspiracy were unmasked in army and the upper bureaucracy and received death sentences, all of which were eventually commuted to long prison terms. The head of the Adelfi Society was Filippo Buonarroti. Both were anti-Austrian.

Question 26

what are the strengths of the secret societies?

Answer 26

Carbonari had 60,000 members spread other seats. Carbonari was loyal an anti-Austrians agreed on that Federati was led by Nobleman.

Question 27

what are the weaknesses of the secret societies?

Answer 27

Bad at staying secret. Members of Federati received death after being unmasked
Can’t communicate.

Question 28

what is the background of the 1830-32 revolutions?

Answer 28

there had been attempts at Revolution in 1820 in Naples, Sicily, and Piedmont, but they had been crushed by a combination of Austrian strength and revolutionary weaknesses. In 1830, a revolution in France led to Charles X’s abdication. He was replaced by a more liberal figure, Louis Phillipe. Italian revolutionaries hoped that he would support liberal revolutions in Italy. Disturbances broke out in Modena, Parma, and the Papal States. The aims were mainly to gain a constitution.

Question 29

what role did Modena and Parma play in the 1830-32 revolutions?

Answer 29

Modena and Parma- the revolt was led by Enrico Misley, who trusted his ruler Duke Francis IV. He revealed his plans for a united Italy to Francis, free from Austrian control with Francis as Italian King, Francis promptly betrayed him and had him arrested. Francis believed the threat was over and travelled to Austria to ask for help if any further revolts happened. In his absence, the revolutionaries took over the city of Modena, students started to riot and demanded a constitution from Duchess Marie-Louise. She fled and a provisional government was established. Contact was made with Modena and a joint army commander appointed. However, within a month Francis IV returned at the head of an Austrian army and quickly defeated the revolutionaries. Savage reprisals followed and rebels were exiled or executed. Even wearing a beard or moustache could lead to arrest. The sane happened in Parma and the Duchess returned.

Question 30

what role did the Papal States play in the 1830-32 Revolutions?

Answer 30

The Papal States- similar revolts took place organised by the professional classes who hated the rule of the church. This was more a revolt against the church than for united Italy. A provisional government. Known as “the Government of the Italian Provinces” was formed in Bologna in 1831. It promised an elected assembly, reformed finance system and fairer legal system. They refused to send help to Modena. However, once more the Austrian army moved in and defeated the rebels. Minor uprisings continued, but they were violently suppressed by the Austrians.

Question 31

reasons for failure of the 1830-32 revolutions?

Answer 31

Revolutions were local affairs, not national.
No organisation between states.
Too reliant on small secrets societies, such as the Carbonari.
Revolutionaries were mainly moderate and didn’t use violence.
Popular support was not encouraged, and the revolts were mainly middle class.
Divided aims.
Austria didn’t want any constitutions granted and had military strength.
France wasn’t interested in helping.

Question 32

what was the Risorgimento?

Answer 32

Risorgimento: 19th century movement for Italian unification that culminated in establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Risorgimento was an ideological and literacy movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people, and it led to a series of political events that freed the Italian states from foreign domination and united them politically.

Question 33

cultural influences of the Risorgimento?

Answer 33

Books and plays were used to avoid censorship but to deliver an anti-Austrian message. E.g., I Promessi Sposi by Manzoni.
Music= Rossini’s “William Tell” delivered a patriotic theme.

Question 34

why was it difficult to form a national identity in the 1840s?

Answer 34

was that there were huge social divides in Italy

Question 35

why was there social and economic divisions in Italy by the 1840s?

Answer 35

The new middle classes were frustrated at the nobility who tended to be more conservative. However, the greatest divisions were between the wealthier classes and the poor masses. For most Italians, constitutional change was unimportant and daily survival mattered. The peninsula suffered from diverse languages, lack of education and communication. The peasants and urban poor resisted any change that would make their lives even worse. The ideas of a national identity had developed some common themes e.g., getting rid of the Austrians but there was lots of differences in approach. Before 1848 Italians were nowhere near ready to make their own destiny.

Question 36

what influence did the reformisti have?

Answer 36

After 1830 there was a growing interest in social and economic reform. The Reformisti (The Reformers) believed that if Italy was free from Austrian control, then it would flourish. The ideas spread in journals such as Romagnosi’s “Gli Annali” and Cattaneo’s “Politecnico”. They stressed the importance of economic growth and put forward plans for schools, banks, and a common monetary system. The cheese and wine industries in Gorgonzola and Chianti were examples of Italian growth. They opposed Mazzini and republicanism and wanted some sort of Italian federation.

Question 37

what were jobs like by the 1840s?

Answer 37

By 1840 agriculture still dominated, farming was inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition. Peasants suffered between 1820 and 1840 from poor harvests and took part in riots and disorder. Increased food prices led to riots in towns too. However, they were never really inspired by politics, more by hunger.
Italy had begun to develop economically during this period, but mainly in the north. This in its self-led to overcrowding, poor housing, and terrible conditions in the cities. Living standards in towns declined after 1810, with life expectancy in Naples being just 24 in the 1840s.

Question 38

Evidence that Italians were responsible for their own lack of progress towards unity by the 1840s?

Answer 38

People couldn’t read the Reformisti ideas that were in journals.
They opposed Mazzini and republicans and wanted some sort of Italian federation.
North/South divide.
Living standards in towns declined.
Poor education.

Question 39

Why is Austria to blame for the lack of movement towards national unity by the 1840s?

Answer 39

Was still in control
Austria still influenced everything apart from Lombardy and Venetia.
Austria influenced through use of the military.
Austria and Metternich set up the “Postal Convention” where each state had to pass through Austrian control where they can be subjected to Austrian scrutiny.
Austria had police surveillance in many states and had secret agents who infiltrated secret groups.

Question 40

Why is Italy to blame for the lack of movement towards national unity by the 1840s?

Answer 40

Italy was socially divided; different classes were frustrated.
For many Italians, constitution change was unimportant and daily survival mattered.
The peninsula suffered from diverse languages, lack of education and communication.
Before 1848, Italians were nowhere near ready to make their own destiny.
They opposed Mazzini and republicanism.
They wanted an Italian federation.
North/South divide, living standards in towns were poor and education was poor.
Divided aims.
I think the division in Italy was the most important factor however, I think that Austrian control was also relevant.