History Flashcards
What did people do in stone age for food?
People were Hunter gathers.
When did the channel separate Britain from Europe?
10,000 years ago
When did farming coming to Britain and from where?
6,000 years ago from south east Europe
What county is Stonehenge?
county of Wiltshire
Purpose of Stonehenge
Special gathering place for seasonal ceremonies
What is Skara Brae and where is it?
The best prehistoric village in Northern Europe. It shows how people lived near end of Stone Age
Location in Orkney islands off the coast of Scotland.
When was Bronze Age and what did they build
4,000 years ago. Metal workers made tools, ornaments and weapons from bronze and gold.
What she was after Bronze Age?
Iron age
Where did people live in bronze an Iron Age? Where did they bury the dead?
Roundhouses. Round barrows
Where is the Maiden Castle hill fort?
English county of Dorset
What language was spoken in Iron Age?
Celtic
What marked the beginning of British history?
During Iron Age, the first coins were minted and inscribed with names of Iron Age kings
When did julius ceaser invade the uk and what was the outcome?
55BC, unsuccessful
Who is emperor Claudius?
Led the roman army in the invasion in AD43. He won aun occupying almost all of England
Who is Boudicca?
The queen of the Iceni in now eastern England. She fought the Romans
Where can you find a statue of Boudicca?
Westminster bridge in London near the House of Parliament
Why was Hadrian wall built?
To keep out the Picts (ancestors of Scotland) which was never conquered by the Romans. Wall is in the north of England
What does UNESCO stand for an give an example?
United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation. Hadrians wall is a UNESCO heritage site.
How long did Romanas remain in Britain?
400 years. They left in AD410 to go defend other parts of Roman Empire
What did romans do/set up in England?
New roads, built buildings, created structure of law, introduce plants and animals
Who invaded Britain after Roman Empire and when did they establish kingdom in Britain?
Anglo-Saxon, mainly in what is now England and where established kingdoms by AD600
What tribes make up Anglo-Saxon
Jutes, angles, and saxton
What is Sutton Hoo?
Burial site in Suffolk where one of the Anglo-Saxon kings was buried with treasure and armour, placed in a ship and then covered by a mound of earth
Who brought Christianity to Britain?
Missionaries from Ireland and Rome who preached to the Anglo-Saxons.
Most famous Irish missionaries?
St Patrick - first patron saint of Ireland and St Columba
Who was the first Archbishop of Canterbury?
St Augustine from Rome (spread Christianity in the south of England)
When did Viking come to britain and where did they come from
AD789 - they are from Denmark, Norway and Sweden
What Anglo Saxon king defeated vikings?
King Alfred the great
After defeat, where did vikings stay?
East and north of England in an area called Danelew.
After what event did the term Scotland began to be used?
The threat of vikings encouraged people to unite under King Kenner MacAlpin
What was the battle of Hastings?
1066 William the conqueror defeated the Saxon king of England (Harrold).
William then became king
What Bayeux Tapestrey and where is it today?
Embroidery commemorating the battle of Hastings and it is in France today
What was the last successful foreign invasion of England?
Norman conquest led by William the conquerer
What is domesday book?
A record of all towns and villages and who lived in it and who owned the land and what animals they owned. This was requested by William the conquerer
What is the statues of Rhuddian?
Constitutional basis for government of wales claiming it under the crown of England in 1284. It wasn’t until middle of 15th century that Wales rebellion was defeated and English laws and language were introduced
What is the battle of bannockburn
Between Scotland and England in 1314 (Middle Ages). Scotland won
Who wrote the Bruce book and what was it about?
John Barbour- it was about the battle of bannockburn
What area of Ireland did the English rule in 1200?
Pale by Dublin
What is crusades?
European Christian fought for control of holy land
Who was 100 years war with? And name one of the most famous battles
France. Battle of Agincourt in 1415. King Henry 4th outnumbered army defeated the french.
What feudalism?
Landowners had to send men to serve in the army.
What was outcome of Black Death?
1/3 of population died. Development of middle class
What is Magna Carta?
1215 - new charter of rights which meant king was also subject to the law. Restricted kings power and meant king needed to involved noblemen in decisions
Different parts of parliament
England - houses
Scotland- the lords, the commons and the clergy
Who wrote the canterbury tales?
Geoffrey Chaucer 1400. Collection of poems from people going to Canterbury on a pilgrimage
Who is William Caxton?
First person in England to print books using a printing press
First important English export?
Wool
What was the war of roses?
War between the Lancaster and the York families to decide who should be king. King Richard (York) was killed and king Henry (Lancaster) became King Henry the VII. He married king Richard niece uniting both family as the house of Tudor
Symbol of Tudor?
Red rose (Lancaster symbol) with an white rose inside (York symbol).
Wives of King Henry VIII - broke away from church or Rome
- Catherine of Aragon- spanish princess. Had one daughter (Mary), no son so Henry divorces her
- Anne boleyn- only had daughter Elizabeth. Rumours that she had lovers so Henry executes her
- Jane Seymour- had a son (Edward), died after birth
- Anne of cleaves - German princess. Married for political reasons but divorced soo. After
- Catherine of Howard- cousin of Anne Boleyn also accused of having lovers and executed
- Catherine parr - married Henry late in life and outlived him
What prompted formation of Church of England?
Henry VIII was refused approval by Pope to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon. So he establish his own church where the king appoints the bishops and worded how people should worship
What is the Spanish Armada?
A large fleet of ships sent from Spain to conquer England in 1588 and restore Catholicism. England won under the leadership of queen Elizabeth I
Who is Mary Queen of Scots?
Came to throne when she was 1 week old. She was suspected for murder of her husband so she fled to England. She was Queen Elizabeth I cousin. Queen Elizabeth I didn’t help her and was worried that Mary wanted the English throne. So she imprison Mary for 20 years and eventually executed for plotting against Queen Elizabeth I
What is the Golden Hind?
English ship sailed by Sir Francis Drake. Was one of the first to sail right around the world
Most famous poet in the Elizabethan period?
Shakespeare
What is the Globe Theatre?
Modern copy of the theatre in which Shakespeare play were first performed in
Shakespeare 4 most famous plays?
1) A midsummer night dream
2) Hamlet
3) Macbeth
4) Romeo and Juliet
Who inherited the throne from Queen Elizabeth I?
Queen Elizabeth didn’t have any children. James VI of Scotland (Mary Queen of Scots son). He then became James I of England, Ireland and Wales. Scotland remained separate
Religious achievement of James I?
New translation of the bible to English known as the King James Version or the Authorised version. It is not the first English version but the one still used in Protestant churches today
What happened to Ireland during Elizabeth I and James I reign?
People opposed rule by Protestant and wanted to remain catholic. English government encourage Scottish people and companies in London to settle in Ulster in Northern Ireland. These settlements were called plantations.
When was the last time monarch entered the commons? What was the outcome?
Charles I (son of James I), he entered House of Commons to arrest parliamentary leaders because he was upset the king was losing more power. This led to civil war between the king and parliamentary in 1642
Who were the cavaliers and who were the Roundheads?
Civil war between parliament and the King Charles I. Cavaliers supported the king and Roundheads supported the parliament.
who won the civil war and when and what battle?
Parliament, 1646, Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby. King Charles I was executed shortly after
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
After civil war, england declared itself a republic called commonwealtg. Oliver was crowned the Lord Protector and violently won battles in Ireland and Scotland for the Parliament
Who was King Charles II, where did he famously hide under exile?
He was son of King Charles I and was declared king of Scotland after parliament won the civil war. But he was defeated by Lord Protector and he went into hiding in an Oak Tree before running off to Europe.
When did England take back monarch after the civil war?
1660 - King Charles II was invited back after exile
Who rebuit St Paul’s Cathedral after the great london fire?
Sir Christopher Wren
What is Habeas Corpus Act and when was it past?
1679, every prisoner has right to a court hearing
What the oldest surviving scientific society?
Royal Society
Where is Isaac Newton from and what are his most famous discoveries?
Lincolnshire, wrote Philosphiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica - how gravity applied to the universe and that light is made up of the colours of the rainbow.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
King Charless II brother James II took the throne when he died. He was super catholic and there were fears catholicism would come back. His eldest daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange of Netherlands, invaded england and took the throne. There was no fight (this is why it was glorious) and James II fled.
Why were the MacDonalds of Gelncoe Massacred?
They didnt take the oath to accept William II as king of scotland (same persona as William III in England).
what was the outcome of the Act of Union or Treaty of Union in Scotland?
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created (this is when Scotland and Ireland formally joined). it allow parliament to choose the next monarch is there isn’t a successor.
What is the Bill of Rights?
passed after glorious revolution. Confirmed the rights of the parliament and the limits of the kings power (including cant raise taxes or administer justices). monarch must be protestant and parliament to be elected every 3 years (at first, today it is every 5 years).
Who was the first appointed monarch by parliament?
George I - German and closest protestant relative of Queen Anne
what are the two main groups in parliament after the glorious revolution?
whigs and torries
who was the first prime minister?
Sir Robert Walpole 1721 to 1742.
What’s Robert Burns best known works?
Auld Lang Syne - which is sung at new years.
What discovery in the enlightenment period helped start the industrial revolution
James Watt discoveries on steam power
After the industrial revolution what was the main source of employment?
Manufacturing
what is Richard Arkwright famous for?
He was efficient and profitable in how he ran factories. He is also know for Carding machine - used to prepare fibres for spinning into yarn.
Who mapped the coast of australia and set up british colonies?
Captain James Cook
during the industrial revolution what parts of the world did Britain colonise?
Australia, Canada, India (via the East India Company), South Africa
What country did Britain have conflict over trading and settlement during the industrial revolution?
France
What was the name of the first curry house and when did it open?
Hindostane Coffee House - 1810 (during industrial revolution)
how was Britain involved in slavery?
Slavery was illegal in britain, but established industry abroad by the british and america. Slaves were transported from west africa to carribean and america
When and why did britain officially stop being involved in slave trade?
1807, it became illegal to trade slaves in British Ships and in 1833, the Emancipation act abloshed slavery throughout the entire british empire
what christian and parliament member was key in changing laws to stop slave trade?
William Wilberforce
why did the american war of independence begin and when did it end?
British was trying to tax the american colonies, but colonist protested that taxation without representation in government wasn’t fair. 1776 13 colonies declared themselves independent. by 1783 British recognised the colonies as independent
Who led the battle of trafalagar, who was it against, and where can you find the monument for this person?
Admiral Nelson, the battle was against Spanish and French fleets, Nelson’s column in Trafalgar square is a monument to him
where can you find a monument for the HMS Victory ship that won the battle of trafalgar?
Portsmouth
What battle ended the french wars, who led it and what was his next profession?
Battle of Waterloo led by Duke Wellington who later became PM
what are the three crosses of the union jack?
- St. George - patron saint of england is Red cross on white background
- St. Andrew, patron saint of scotland is diagonal white on blue background
- St Patrick, Patron saint of ireland, diagonal red cross on white background
why isn’t there a red dragon (from welsh flags) in the union jack?
by the time union flag was created wales was already united with england.
when was first union jack flag created?
1606
what father son duo pioneered the railway engine?
George and Robert Stephenson
who is Isamabard Kingdom Brunel
built tunnels, bridges and railway lines. Responsible for construction of Great Western Railway
Give an example of Isamabard Kingdom Brunel bridge today?
the Clifton suspension bridge in bristol
what was the purpose of the Great Exhibition centre in hyde park?
an international exhibition showcasing huge machines, and handmade good from all over the world
who was involved in crimean war, when did it take place and why did soldiers die from?
Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia in 1853-1856. Conditions were bad and soldiers were dying of illness in hospital more than from war wounds
whos known as the founder of modern nursing and what training programme is still active today
Florence Nightingale. The Nightengale Training school for nurses at St Thomas Hospital in London
who are chartists?
campaigners for increased right to vote for working class and urban community, not just land owners
what is Emmeline Pankhurst known for?
fighting for women to get rights to vote. used civil disobedience.
what is Rudyard Kipling known for?
poet wrote about life in UK and india and how british empire is good. he won the nobel prize in literature. Famous poem - IF
what triggered world war I and when did it began and when did it end?
assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria, growing sense of nationalism, increased militarisation, imperialisim and division of european power. 1914-1918
what is Easter Rising?
1916 uprising against the British in Dublin. Leaders of uprising were executed and a guerrilla war between birtish army and ireland followed
when did Ireland formally split?
in 1922 after peace treaty was signed and effective
what are “the Troubles”?
conflict between those wishing for full Irish independence and those wishing to remain loyal to British govt
when did BBC start radio and TV broadcast?
1922 (radio) 1936 (TV)
During the great depression what industry fluorished?
automobile and aviation
who was the MP during WWII?
Winston Churchill
Who was voted the greatest Briton of all time in 2002?
Winston Churchill
What is the ‘Dunkirk Spirit’ refer to?
evacuation of 300,000 British and French soldiers from french beaches during Nazi invasion of France
What is the Battle of Britain?
Aerial battle against the Germany during WWII.
name most important planes in the Battle of Britain WWII
Hurricane and Spitfire
what is the phrase Blitz Spirit represent?
strong national spirirt of resistance and unity during the bombings in UK by Germany during WWII
What is D-DAY?
allied forces landed in normandy, france and defeated germany. allied eventually pushed into germany and defeated them in 1945 when war officiallt ended.
what is Ernest Rutherford known for?
leading team in discovery of how to split the atom
what is alexander fleming famous for?
discovery of penicillin. this won him the nobel prize in medicine
When did Labour first win govt and who was the first PM
1945 - Clement Attlee
who led the establishment of NHS?
Aneurin (BY) Bevan - minister of health for labour in 1945
what is NATO?
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation - alliance of nations to resist threat from soviet union
what is the Beveridge Report and who wrote it?
William Beveridge - recommend that the govt should fight the five “Giant Evils” - want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness
who led the division between primary and seconday schools and under what act?
R A Butler, under the Education Act of 1944 or Butler Act
Who is Dylan Thomas and what are some famous works?
Welsh Poet and writer. Famous works - Under Milk Wood (radio play) and Do Not Go Gentle Into The Night (poem). memorials of his in Swansea and in the Dylan Thomas Centre
why was there a big influx if migration post WWII and from where?
after war, there was a need to rebuild britain but massive labour shortage. so UK encouraged ireland and europe to come work in britain. UK even went to commonwealth territories (india, pakistan, west indies, bangladesh etc) to encourage migration
when did influx of migrates slow down?
1960s when immigration laws were passed requiring strong connection through birth of ancestry to move to uk
what is the swinging sixties known for?
social change - growth in fashion, cinema, music, social laws (anti discrimination laws against women), architecture
name some british inventions/discoveries
TV, Radio telescope, insulin, structure of DNA, jet engine, passenger aircraft-concord, hovercraft, ATM, IVF, Cloning, MRI, internet
Who invented the radio telescop and where was the first one built?
Sir Bernard Lovell, built at Jodrell Bank in Cheshire
Who’s Mary Peters (sports)?
won olympic gold medal in pentathlon and then became team manager for british olympic team
what is the EEC?
european economic community
who was the longest serving modern PM? and longest serving PM overrall?
Margaret Thatcher 1979-1990, Robert Walpole 1721-1742
who is Roald Dahl?
Welsh writer. best known for Charlie and the Chocolate factory and Georgie;s Marvellous Medicine.
what is Tony Blair Labour PM known for?
setting up the devolved assemblies (scottish parliament, welsh assembly and good friday agreement which then led to NI parliament)
what is UN ISAF?
international security assistance force. set up in afghanistan to make sure it is not used for international terrorism.
