History Flashcards
What was Britain like during the Ice Ages (10,000 yrs ago)
Connected to Europe, so hunter gatherers came and went.
What was Britain like 6000 yrs ago?
Farmers came from southeast Europe and built monuments such as Stonehenge.
What was Britain like 4,000 yrs ago?
Bronze age, followed by Iron age. They spoke Celtic languages.
Why is the Iron Age significant?
Hill forts, division of labour, culture and economy – made coins and kings. Beginning of British history.
Who led an unsuccessful invasion from Rome in 55 bc?
Julius Caesar
Which roman emperor led a successful invasion of Britain in 43 ad?w
Claudius
Who was Boudicca?
Queen of the iceni who fought against Claudius. She is commemorated by a statue on Westminster bridge?
What was hadrian’s wall?
A wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts. It is now a unesco site.
How long were the Romans in Britain and what did they provide?
The Romans were in Britain for 400 years. They built roads, public buildings, crested a structure of law, and introduced new plants and animals.
What year did the Romans leave Britain?
410 ad. As a result Britain was invaded by the angles, the Saxons and the Jutes.
When were Anglo Saxon kingdoms established in England?
600 ad
What is Sutton hoo?
An Anglo Saxon king, in a ship with treasure and armour.
When were Christian communities first in Britain?
3rd to 4th centuries
Which parts of Great Britain did not get invaded by the Anglo Saxons?
Scotland, parts of the West Country and wales
How did the Anglo Saxons get introduced to Christianity ?
Missionaries from Ireland, such as st Patrick and st Columba (who founded a monastery on the island of Iona) spread Christianity in the north. St Augustine led missionaries from Rome to the south and became first Archbishop of Canterbury.
Who invaded Britain from denmark and Norway in 789 ad?
The Vikings raided England at this time.
Who united the Anglo Saxons and defeated the Vikings?
Alfred the great
Who was the first Danish king ?
Cnut or Canute
Who was the first king of Scotland?
Kenneth MacAlpin
What is 1066 ad known for?
William, duke of Normandy, defeated Harold, Saxon king of England at the battle of Hastings.
What does the bayeux tapestry commemorate?
The battle of Hastings where William the conqueror defeated Harold, the Saxon king of England
Why is the Norman invasion significant?
Last successful foreign invasion of England. Norman French affected the development of English and there were changes to the government and social structures in England.
What is the domesday book?
William the conqueror did a census all over England. This gives a picture of what life was like at that time.
By what events are the Middle Ages defined?
From the Norman conquest 1066 to 1485.
What was the statute of rhuddlan in 1284?
King Edward the first annexed wales to England.
Why did the English build huge castles in wales?
To maintain against welsh rebellions.
By the 15th century, what was Wales like?
The rebellions were defeated and English laws and language were introduced.
What was the relationship between Ireland and English at the beginning of the Middle Ages?
At first Ireland independent. The English first went to Ireland to help the king there. They stayed and built their first settlements. By 1200 they ruled the pale, around Dublin.
England vs scotland in middle ages?
English defeated by scots led by Robert the Bruce: battle of Bannockburn, 1314
What were the English doing abroad during the Middle Ages?
1 they were fighting in the crusades, trying to gain control of the holy land.
2 they were fighting with France during the Hundred Years’ War, in which there was the battle of agincourt, where Henry five conquered the French against all odds.
3 the English left France in the 1450s
What disaster struck Britain in 1348?
The black death. One third of the population died.
What effect did the Black Death have on England?
There were labour shortages so the peasants gained some rights. The middle class developed as a result of people moving to towns. The gentry also developed (owners of large areas of land)
What did parliament develop from?
Parliament started from the king’s council of advisers, which included noblemen and church men.
What important limit on the king’s power came in to effect in 1215?
The Magna Carta
What did the Magna Carta do?
- The king is subject to law. 2. Protected the rights of nobility 3. Restricted the king’s power to collect taxes and to change laws. Overall, the king needs to get the noblemen involved in decisions.
What was the result of the Magna Carta?
Parliament was created.
What happened when numbers increased to Parliament?
The two houses were established in Parliament.
Who was in the first House of Commons?
Knights (usually smaller landowners) and wealthy commoners.
Who sat in the first House of Lords?
Nobility, great landowners, and bishops.
What is the difference between the Scottish and English parliaments?
The English parliament had two houses; the Scottish parliament had three houses, one for the lords, one for the commons, and one for the clergy.
What were the developments in the legal system at the time of the Magna Carta?
Judges are independent of the government. English have common law, while Scotland’s law is codified.
How did English develop?
After the Norman conquest, the upper classes spoke Norman French and the lower classes spoke Anglo Saxon. Then the two languages combined. English became the official language in 1400 (= official documents + language of royal court and parliament)
What was the Canterbury tales?
Years leading up to 1400. Chaucer wrote a series of poems in English about people on pilgrimage to Canterbury.
Who was William Caxton?
The first person in England to use a printing press, and the Canterbury tales was one of the first ones.
How did the scots language develop?
In the Middle Ages many people spoke Gaelic and then the scots language developed. Many poets write in scots, like John Barbour, who wrote the Bruce about the battle of bannockburn.
What sort of buildings were built in the Middle Ages?
Many castles were built and also great cathedrals. Cathedrals with windows of stained glass telling stories of the bible (famous: glass in York Minster)
What did England trade during the Middle Ages?
Wool, and many people with special skills came from the continent?
What civil war was fought in 1455?
The wars of the roses, to decide who was to be king.
What was the symbol of Lancaster?
Red rose
What was the symbol of York?
The white rose
What was the battle of Bosworth field?
It ended the wars of the roses in 1485.
What was the result of the wars of the roses?
Richard 3rd of York was killed and Henry Tudor, house of Lancaster, became king. He became Henry 7.
Who did Henry 7 marry?
Richard 3 niece, Elizabeth of York, so the two houses were unified. The Tudors had a red rose with a white rose inside.
What did Henry 7 do?
He centralised England’s power as he wanted England to be stable?
What was Henry the 8 famous for?
Breaking away from the Catholic Church and marrying 6 times.
Who were Henry 8 wives?
Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine parr
Who was Catherine of Aragon?
Henry 8 wife number one. Spanish princess, had Mary. Divorced.
Who was Anne Boleyn?
Henry8 wife number 2. English, mother of Elizabeth. Executed.
Who was jane Seymour?
Henry 8 wife number 3. Gave Henry prince Edward, then died.
Who was anne of cleves?
Henry 8 wife 4. German princess. Divorced.
Who was Catherine Howard?
Henry 8 wife 5. Cousin of Anne Boleyn. Executed.
Who was Catherine parr?
Henry 8 wife 6. Survived.
How did the Church of England come about?
Henry 8 wanted to divorce his first wife but the pope wouldn’t let him, so he established the Church of England. This coincided with the reformation.
What were Protestant ideas?
No Latin, no praying to saints ir at shrines, personal relationship with god more important than relationship with church.
What is the order of succession from Henry 8?
Henry, Edward, Mary and Elizabeth.
What was the conflict between Mary and Elizabeth?
Mary was a catholic and persecuted Protestants. Elizabeth established the Church of England.
In 1588, why did the Spanish send over the Armada?
The Spanish had sent over ships to restore Catholicism. The English defeated them. This made Elizabeth 1 popular.
How did the reformation affect Scotland?
In 1560 the Scottish parliament abolished Catholicism. There was a power struggle because Mary Stuart, or Mary queen of scots, was a catholic. She gave the throne to her son James vi and fled to England, but Elizabeth locked her up and killed her.
How did things change in England during the Elizabethan period?
Growing patriotism. There was exploration. Sir Francis drake, whose ship was the golden hinde and who was involved with defeating the Spanish, founded England’s naval tradition and was one of the first to circumnavigate the world. Also colonialism, especially in America, and literature.
Who was Elizabeth’s heir?
King James 6 of Scotland, who became king James 1. During his reign the famous translation of the bible was produced.
What happened to Ireland during the Elizabethan period?
Henrys 7 and 8 took over Ireland. During Elizabeth’s and James rule there were catholic rebellions. Many Protestants moved to Northern Ireland.
How did James 1 and Charles 1 use the divine right of kings?
They tried to rule without parliament but in the end had to use parliament.
How did the English civil war begin?
Charles 1 wanted things to be more religious. Parliament was full of puritans and did not. Parliament wanted control of English army. Charles entered parliament and tried to arrest. Civil war began in 1642. The cavaliers vs Roundheads.
What was the outcome of the battles of marston moor?
Parliament had won the war and Charles was taken prisoner. After this he was executed.
What was the commonwealth?
When England was declared a republic it called itself the commonwealth.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
General of the new English republic. He violently put down the royalist armies in Ireland, then defeated the Scottish army of Charles 2. After that he became the new leader of the republic (lord protector). When he died his son took over but he could not bring stability to the country.
What happened during the restoration?
Charles 2 had fled to Europe. Parliament invited him back and crowned him king of England, wakes, Scotland and Ireland. He and parliament came to an agreement with a balance of power.
What significant events happened during Charles 2 reign?
Plague, then fire of London. Samuel Pepys wrote about these.
What was habeas corpus?
This said no one could be held prisoner unlawfully and had a right to a court hearing.
Who were two notable members of the royal society?
Edmond Halley and Isaac Newton.
What is the preamble to the glorious revolution?
Charles 2’s brother was his heir, James 2 and 7. He was catholic and had a son whom everyone thought would be catholic.
What was the glorious revolution?
William of Orange, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands, took over England in a bloodless revolution. James 2 tried to take England back but he was defeated at the battle of the boyne. This means parliament had power. The scots supported James and a rebellion at killiecrankie was put down and there was a massacre. The Jacobites were James’ supporters.
What did the bill of rights accomplish?
Parliament had limited the power of the king. A new parliament is elected every 5 years.
Who were the Whigs and the Tories?
The first parties in parliament.
