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LSO > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered X-rays and when?

A

Wilhelmina Conrad Roentgen

November 8, 1895

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2
Q

First X-ray exposure?

A

On wife Berthas hand. It was a 15min exposure

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3
Q

X-ray pictures aka

A

Radiographs

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4
Q

What does ASRT stand for?

A

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

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5
Q

When was the ASRT found

A

Chicago 1920

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6
Q

What is JRCERT?

A

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology

Formed in 1969

Conducts accreditation of RT schools

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7
Q

Computed Tomography CT

A

Computerized X-ray system that provides axial images (transverse slices) of the body

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8
Q

The source of X-rays

A

X-ray tube

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9
Q

X-rays that travel in a useful direction exit the housing through

A

An opening called the tube port

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10
Q

An imaginary line in the center of the X-ray beam and perpendicular to the long acid of the X-ray tube

A

Central Ray

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11
Q

A portion of energy of the X-ray beam is absorbed with matter. Absorption of the X-ray beam is called?

A

Attenuation

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12
Q

What causes unwanted exposure to the film and to anyone who is in the room

A

Scatter radiation

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13
Q

The unwanted image exposure by scatter radiation is called

A

Scatter radiation fog

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14
Q

The image receptor (IR) consists of?

A

X-ray film and film holder aka cassette

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15
Q

What is CR?

A

Computed radiography aka filmless systems

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16
Q

With CR how is the image obtained?

A

In a phosphor material on a plate inside a closed cassette

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17
Q

What is Primary Radiation

A

The X-ray beam that leaves the tube and is unattenuated, except by air

It’s direction and location are predictable and controllable

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18
Q

What is Remnant Radiation?

A

What remains of the primary beam after it has been attenuated by matter

The pattern of remnant radiation created the image

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19
Q

Definition of scatter radiation

A

Radiation that is scattered or created as a result of attenuation of the primary X-ray beam by matter.

Has less energy then the primary beam.

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20
Q

Film size for Fluoroscopic spots

A

24x24 cm

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21
Q

What is a detent?

A

A special mechanism that tends to stop a moving part in a specific location

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22
Q

What is a collimater

A

A boxlike device that is attached under the tube housing

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23
Q

What is a Bucky?

A

A grid device that protects the IR from scatter radiation and fog.

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24
Q

When are grids used

A

Body parts that are generally 10-12 cm or more in thickness

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25
Q

Pre-exposure safety check

A

1) X-ray room door is closed
2) No nonessential persons are in the X-ray room
3) All persons in the control booth are completely behind the lead barrier
4) No image receptors are in the room except the one in use

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26
Q

All matter is composed of building blocks called?

A

Atoms

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27
Q

Matter can be neither created nor destroyed but it can…

A

Change form

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28
Q

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can…

A

Change form

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29
Q

Proton-

Location, mass #, charge

A

Nucleus, 1, +1

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30
Q

Neutron-

Location, mass #, charge

A

Nucleus, 1, 0

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31
Q

Electron-

Location, charge

A

Orbital shells, -1

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32
Q

Two or more atoms may combine chemically to form

A

Molecules

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33
Q

A substance that consists of only one type of molecule is called

A

A chemical compound

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34
Q

Produces an atom with an electric charge

A

Ionization

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35
Q

Definition of energy

A

The ability to do work

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36
Q

What does electromagnetic energy consist of?

A

Light, X-rays, radio waves, microwaves, and other forms of energy

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37
Q

What is the frequency of the wave?

A

The # of times per second that a crest passes a given point

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38
Q

X-rays with greater energy have

A

Shorter wavelengths and are more penetrating

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39
Q

The smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy is

A

A photon

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40
Q

Resistance depends on what 4 factors?

A

The material of the conductor, it’s length, it’s diameter, and it’s temperature

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41
Q

What kind of tube was used when Roentgen discovered X-rays

A

Crooks tube

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42
Q

What tube was the prototype for modern X-ray tubes?

A

Coolidge tube aka

Hot cathode tube

43
Q

The NCRP recommended annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure

A

5.0 rem (0.05 Sv)

44
Q

The NCRP recommended monthly effective dose limit to the fetus for a pregnant worker

A

O.05 rem (0.0005 Sv)

45
Q

The conventional (British system) radiation unit to express radiation intensity in the air

A

Roentgen

46
Q

The conventional (British System) unit commonly used to report occupational dose to radiation workers in the US is the

A

rem

47
Q

What is the conventional (British System) radiation unit of absorbed dose

A

Rad

48
Q

According to the Bergonie-Tribondeau law, the following types of cells are most radio sensitive

A

Embryonic tissue cells

49
Q

Type of X-ray photon interaction with the body is primarily responsible for the radiation dose absorbed by the patient

A

Photoelectric

50
Q

The NCRP recommendation for lead equivalency if aprons used for personnel protection

A

.5mm

51
Q

Erythema as it related to radiation exposure

A

Reddening of the skin caused by a high radiation dose

52
Q

The guiding philosophy of radiation protection

A

ALARA– as low as reasonably achievable

53
Q

The following statements reflects current scientific opinion regarding the effects of duo gnostic levels of ionizing radiation

A

There is an increased risk of cancer, leukemia, birth defects, and cataracts

54
Q

The following changes would decrease patient dose

A

Using a faster-speed class imaging system

Increasing the grid ratio to a 16:1 ratio

55
Q

At what kVp levels do Compton interactions occur?

A

They occur throughout the duo diagnostic radiology kVp range

56
Q

The principle source of scatter radiation in radiography

A

The IR

57
Q

The 4 essential elements required for X-ray production

A

A target, a vacuum, an electron source, and a high potential difference

58
Q

The greatest portion of the X-ray beam is made up of?

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

59
Q

The following functions involve the auto transformer

A

KVp selection

60
Q

What is the IR that is used for CR?

A

Photostimuable phosphor (PSP) plate

61
Q

The target of the X-ray tube is made of

A

Tungsten

62
Q

How often should lead aprons and gloves be checked for cracks or holes

A

Every 6 months

63
Q

The following will result in increased radio graphic density

A

Increased mA
Increased exposure time
Increased lVp

64
Q

If the radiographic image is overexposed, which of the following changes in exposure factors should be used to correct the problem

A

Decrease the mAs

65
Q

The relationship between the SID and beam intensity is expressed in the

A

Inverse square law

66
Q

What are the 4 primary factors of radiographic quality

A

Density
Contrast
Distortion
Record detail

67
Q

Contrast is primarily controlled by altering the

A

KVp

68
Q

Motion of the patient, the tube, or the IR during the exposure will result in decreased

A

Recorded detail

69
Q

A grid should be employed when the part thickness is greater than

A

12 cm

70
Q

The following pathological conditions would require a decrease in exposure

A

Multiple myeloma
Emphysema
Osteoporosis

71
Q

The screen or film image artifact looks like lightning

A

Static artifact

72
Q

What is the name of the upper portion of the lung?

A

Apex

73
Q

The inferior lateral corners of the lungs, visible on a PA chest radiograph, are called the

A

Costophrenic angles

74
Q

Where does the CR enter the pt for the upright, PA projection of the chest?

A

Midsagittal plane at the T7

75
Q

Lateral projections of the chest are taken with the left side against the IR because

A

Magnification of the cardiac silhouette is reduced with the left side neared the IR

76
Q

How much should the CR be angled cephalad for an AP axial projection of the chest if the pt cannot assume the lordotic position?

A

15 degrees

77
Q

Which chest projection and position are needed to demonstrate free pleural fluid along the dependent chest wall?

A

AP, lateral decubitus

78
Q

Which of the following projections is best for demonstrating of the spices of the lungs without bony superimposition?

A

AP axial lordotic position

79
Q

Why is a grid routine for a chest XR

A

To reduce scatter fog caused by use of high kVp

80
Q

Which bones are tarsal bones?

A

Cuneiform and cuboid

81
Q

When taking an AP axial projection of the foot, the CR is directed

A

10 degrees toward the heel

82
Q

How much is the planter surface of the foot elevated from the IT for the AP oblique projection of the foot

A

30 degrees

83
Q

Which foot projection/position will demonstrate the medial and intermediate cuneiforms without superimposition

A

AP oblique projection in 30 degree lateral rotation

84
Q

Foot position will demonstrate the cuboid, navicular, and lateral cuneiforms without superimposition

A

AP oblique projection in 30 degree medial rotation

85
Q

What bones articulate to form the ankle mortise

A

Talus, tibia, fibula

86
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical region?

A

7

87
Q

What anatomical structures of the cervical spine are best demonstrated by the lateral projection?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

88
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?

A

12

89
Q

What structures should be seen on a lateral projection of the T-spine?

A

T3-T12

90
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine?

A

5

91
Q

Where does the CR enter for an AP projection of the L-spine?

A

At the level of the iliac creation the midline if the pt

92
Q

What is the CR angel and direction for the AP axial projection of the sacrum?

A

15 degrees cephalad

93
Q

What’s true regarding spine radiography to evaluate scoliosis

A

The IR should extend from the top of the patients ear to the level of the greater trochanter

94
Q

What structure serves as the passageway for the spinal cord to exit the skull and pass into the spinal canal of the vertebral column

A

Foramen magnum

95
Q

The Caldwell method of the skull (PA axial) of the skull the CR is directed

A

15 degrees caused

96
Q

Which cranial projection best demonstrates the occipital bone?

A

AP axial (Towne Method)

97
Q

Which of the following bones contain the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal ethmoid

98
Q

Which of the following projections will demonstrate the sphenoid sinus?

A

Lateral

99
Q

Which projection best demonstrates the maxillary sinuses?

A

Parietocanthial (waters method)

100
Q

Which projection of the facial bones requires the central Ray to exit the acanthion

A

Parietoacabthial (waters method)

101
Q

What change in technical factors is required when an ankle in a dry plaster cast must be radiographed?

A

Increase mAs by two times

102
Q

How do you adjust mAs

A

Increase by 30% for every 2 cm

103
Q

Calculate exposure time

A

mAs/mA= seconds

LSO (1 decks)

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