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History Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first known physician?

A

Imhotep; “he comes in peace”, first architect of old kingdom in Egypt; built pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara

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2
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Major problem for Egyptian doctors; next biggest after malaria; treated with antimony (toxic metallic rock > side effects)

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3
Q

Sushruta

A

Founding father of Indian medicine; explained how to rebuild pts nose (first plastic surgeon)

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4
Q

6th C Indian Medicine Principle

A

Health requires balance between spirit, phlegm, and bile

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5
Q

Ayruveda

A

System of traditional medicine native to India; form of alternative medicine; Life + science

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6
Q

What were the diagnostic techniques in Indian medicine?

A

Palpation, observation, observation of various odors; focused on food/diet

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7
Q

8 treatments of Ayurvedic Medicine

A

Surgery, treatment of disease above the clavicle, internal medicine, demonic possession (psychiatry), pediatrics, toxicology, prevention and building immunity, aphrodisiacs

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8
Q

Where did the symbol for medicine originate?

A

Rod of Asclepius (snake healed wound by touch)

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9
Q

Hippocrates

A

Practiced and taught in 400 BCE, on island of Kos; ‘father of medicine’, paid attention to symptoms

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10
Q

“On the Nature of Man”

A

Written by Polybus; humans made of four substances: blood, phlegm, black bile (melancholia), and yellow bile (chole)

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11
Q

What were the Humors found in “On the nature of man”?

A

Sanguine: reddish (cheerful), Phlegmatic: sluggish; Melancholy: sadness; Choleric: irritable

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12
Q

Dogmatics

A

Adhered to mainstream thought per Hippocrates; example: Galen

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13
Q

Rationalists

A

Reason in formulating and adopting a theory concerning the structure/function of the body; every disease has a cause; example: Celsus

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14
Q

Empiricists

A

Believed in supremacy of actual clinical observation/experience over theory; example: Aristotle, Herophilus, Erasistratus

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15
Q

Methodics

A

Body was composed of fragile corpuscles that moved through small pores/channels; pathology when channels obstructed; founder= Aclepiades and Thessalus

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16
Q

Pneumatists

A

Emphasized importance of pneuma (vital force); not exclusive of the other sects

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17
Q

Human Vivisection

A

300BC; In Alexandria, Herophilus and Erasistratus; done on criminals

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18
Q

6 Hygienic Factors

A

Greek medicine; ambient air, food and drink, exercise and rest, sleep and wakefulness, retention and evacuation of wastes, perturbations of the mind and emotions

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19
Q

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

A

Life and activity have intimate relationship with environment; yin and yang, shen (soul), meridian system; more concerned with function vs. physical parts

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20
Q

Acupuncture

A

3rd C BC; Described in Nei Ching; needle placement improves the energy flow by clearing blockage or releasing pressure

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21
Q

Galen

A

2nd C AD; greek physician for gladiators at Pergamum in 158 AD; dissected apes and pigs; unchallenged until Vesalius; overturned the theory that arteries contained air, believed ebb and flow (until Harvey)

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22
Q

Pneumonia

A

Introduced by Hippocrates in 400 BC

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23
Q

Plutarch

A

Greek author; inflammation of lungs= pneumonia, inflammation of pleural sac= pleurisy

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24
Q

Aretaeus

A

100 AD defines asthma

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25
Q

School of Salerno

A

10thC; first university/medical school

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26
Q

Constantine the African

A

Brought arabic medicine to Salerno; born in 1017 in Kairouan

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27
Q

Abul Kasim

A

1000AD; surgeon and dentist in Spain; writes “Al-Tasrif” as first surgery manual

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28
Q

Anesthetics

A

13thC; opium, hemlock, and juice of mandragora, ivy and unripe mulberry; awaken with spongeful of vinegar

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29
Q

Vesalius

A

1533-1543; born in Brussels; 1537 becomes professor at Padua; corrects Galens work; “De humani corporis fabrica”

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30
Q

Surgery in 16-17C

A

Low craft pre-anesthetics; linked with barbers; responsible for blood-letting; Ambroise Pare first to treat war wounds

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31
Q

Ambroise Pare

A

1545; publishes “method for treating wounds caused by arquebuses and other firearms”; egg yolk + oil of roses + turpentine; ligatures to seal blood vessels

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32
Q

Harvey

A

1628; published movement of blood in animals; arterial system to venous system to complete circuit

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33
Q

Malpighi

A

1661; first to observe capillaries (frog); completed Harvey’s theory of a circuit

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34
Q

Blood Transfusions

A

1665-1670; Jean Baptiste Denis using quill; made illegal in 1670 until 1900 with human blood group discovery

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35
Q

Moliere

A

French playwright and actor; master of comedy in western literature

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36
Q

Inoculation

A

17-18th C; to protect against smallpox; when you survive, protected against reinfection; pustulent matter rubbed into skin; Mary Wortley Montagu proponent; not safe until Edward Jenner

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37
Q

James Lind

A

1747; conqueror of scurvy

38
Q

William Smellie

A

1752-1785; first obstetrician; “theory and practice of midwifrey”

39
Q

Giovanni Battista Morgagni

A

1761; described symptoms of pts before death

40
Q

Leopold Auenbrugger

A

1761; Vienna; percussion to find fluid

41
Q

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

A

1794; beheaded during french revolution, 15sec until stopped blinking

42
Q

William Withering

A

late 18C; dropsy alleviated by foxglove (digitalis) and could be used for heart disease

43
Q

Edward Jenner

A

1796-1798; Berkeley; cowpox inoculation > smallpox inoculation

44
Q

Homeopathy

A

Founded by Samuel Hahnemann; small, diluted doses of drugs can help pt recover from disease (like cured by like); used “First do no harm” principle; focuses on vital force (chi)

45
Q

Theory of Potencies

A

the greater the dilution, the more powerful the effect of the drug; named Allopaths= orthodox medical practitioners

46
Q

American Medical Association (AMA)

A

Formed in 1840s

47
Q

Magnetic Healing

A

Franz Mesmer (1734-1815); imbalance of magnetic field > disease

48
Q

Laennec and the Stethoscope

A

1816-1819; Necker Hospital in Paris; heard bronchitis and pneumonia sounds; TB common in that time; publishes auscultation medicine

49
Q

Roentgen

A

1896; Xrays potential in medicine; Nobel prize in 1901

50
Q

Medical College of Philadelphia

A

Founded in 1765; affiliated with UPenn in 1791

51
Q

First MD Degree

A

Awarded in 1770 by King’s College in NY

52
Q

Smallpox Inoculation in America

A

mid 1700s (before Europe)

53
Q

Benjamin Rush

A

1745-1813; Philadelphia physician, signer of Declaration of Independence; Father of American Psychiatry; advised Lewis and Clarke; high mercury emetic for poisoning treatment

54
Q

John Crawford

A

1807; amiculae (small pests) caused fevers

55
Q

American Homeopathy

A

1825; “heroic medicine”; foundation: nutrition, exercise, minimal medicine, human relationships; body can heal itself

56
Q

Samuel Thomson

A

Father of American Herbalism; 1769-1843; Founded Botanic Medical College in Columbus OH in 1840 > Thomsonians curing disease with vegetable medicine

57
Q

Constantine Rafinesque

A

1830; reference book for herbalists

58
Q

Crawford Long

A

1842; Anesthesia; used ether for surgery; 1879 was first painless surgery

59
Q

Elizabeth Blackwell

A

1849; first woman to gain medical degree in US from Hobart College in NY

60
Q

Woman’s Medical College

A

1850; first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women; founded in Philadelphia

61
Q

Ellis Reynolds Shipp

A

1878 graduates from Womans Medical College; supported by Brigham Young

62
Q

Mary Corinna Putnam, MD

A

1842-1906; American physician, writer, suffragist; 1864 degree from Womans medical college; Married Jacobi- father of American pediatrics

63
Q

Joseph Lister

A

1827-1912; antiseptic surgery; 1867 publishes antiseptic principles

64
Q

Dr. Eli Jones

A

Eclectics; cancer treatment using herbs

65
Q

Sylvester Graham

A

1794-1851; hygienist

66
Q

Popular Health Movement

A

Pro: regular bathing, fresh air, exercise, diet; against: improper dress, sexual permissiveness, gluttony, medications, unhealthy foods (meats, fresh milk, eggs, coffee, pastries)

67
Q

Dr. Mary Walker

A

First female surgeon of US army; 1865 medal of honor by President Johnson (rescinded then returned by President Carter in 1977)

68
Q

AT Still

A

1828-1917; son of methodist minister; preceptorial education; disillusioned after wife and child die; dissatisifed with pharmaceuticals; moved to Kansas because anti-slavery; joined Union army; given MD from Missouri; Opened Kirksville in 1892

69
Q

Osteopathy

A

Bone + pathos/disease

70
Q

Osteopathic Medical Principles

A

Body is a unit; structure and function are reciprocally related; body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms; body has inherent capacity to defend and repair itself

71
Q

John Harvey Kellogg

A

1852-1943; Road to Wellville; Brother started Kellog’s dry cereal

72
Q

Mayo clinic

A

1889; after tornado hit Rochester in 1883; WW Mayo founder; frontier surgeon; believed in personalized team approach; put needs of pts first and proceeds to research

73
Q

Anita Newcomb McGee, MD

A

GWU in 1892, assistant surgeon in US army, few to practice in Washington DC

74
Q

American School of Osteopathy

A

Opened by Still in 1892; 15 men, 3 women; first graduates in 1894

75
Q

Johns Hopkins University

A

1893: revolutionizes medical education in US, same year Still gets typhoid

76
Q

Osteopathic Manipulation

A

Originally diagnostic, but therapeutic discovered

77
Q

First state to License DOs

A

Vermont in 1896; then North Dakota

78
Q

AAAO/AOA

A

Founded in 1897

79
Q

PCOM

A

OJ Snyder and Mason Pressly; Originally Philadelphia Infirmary and College of Osteopathy

80
Q

Sir William Osler

A

Born in Canada; 1905 strong advocate for preventive medicine

81
Q

Abraham Flexner

A

1910; 50% of medical schools close

82
Q

John Martin Littlejohn

A

Moves osteopathy to Europe; founded BSO in 1917

83
Q

Influenza Pandemic 1918

A

Harold Magoun reports that OMT worked

84
Q

Fryette’s Principles

A

1918; Thoracic and lumbar motions (R and SB) are coupled by zygapophyseal joints (thoracic = coronal; lumbar=sagittal)

85
Q

1962 California Merger

A

Loss of 1/6 of profession; 1974 it is overrulled; Cline Report

86
Q

Helmholtz

A

1851; invents Opthalmoscope

87
Q

Pravaz

A

Hypodermic syringe

88
Q

Von Basch

A

1878; blood pressure with sphygmomanometer

89
Q

Vuillemen

A

1889; coins antibiotic

90
Q

Louisa Burns, DO

A

first DO to perform long-term research; sympathetics and osteopathic lesions

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