History

Question 1

Respiratory critical care medicine started as the need by

anesthesiologists to use positive pressure ventilation to help what victims?

Answer 1

Polio

Question 2

Is a wellknown literary artist from the early nineteenth century, described a mastectomy she endured after receiving a “wine cordial” as her sole anesthetic

Answer 2

Fanny Burney

Question 3

One of the founders of anesthesia, summarizes the contribution of anesthesia: “BEFORE WHOM in all time Surgery was Agony”.

Answer 3

William Thomas Green

Question 4

The oldest known written surgical document, describes 48 cases performed by an Egyptian surgeon from 3000 to 2500 bc.

Answer 4

The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

Question 5

In the sixteenth century, military surgeon became adept at nerve compression as a means of creating anesthesia.

Answer 5

Ambroise Paré

Question 6

Described the technique of “refrigeration anesthesia” in which snow was placed in parallel lines across the incisional plane such that the surgical site became insensate within minutes.

He is also known to have saved numerous lives during an epidemic of diphtheria by performing tracheostomies and inserting trocars to maintain patency of the airway.

Answer 6

Marco Aurelio Severino

Question 7

Formal manipulation of the psyche to relieve surgical pain was undertaken by French physicians (2)

And the technique was called: (1)

Answer 7

Charles Dupotet & Jules Cloquet

Mesmerism

Question 8

Performed the first operation using ether anesthesia in England and remarked, “This Yankee dodge beats mesmerism all hollow”

Answer 8

Robert Liston

Question 9

A Greek physician from the irst century ad, commented

on the analgesia of mandragora, a drug prepared from the bark and leaves of the mandrake plant.

Answer 9

Dioscorides

Question 10

Mandrake leaves, along with black nightshade, poppies, and other herbs, were boiled together
and cooked onto a sponge. The sponge was then reconstituted in hot water and placed under the patient’s nose before surgery.

Answer 10

Soporific sponge

Question 11

Prepared as indicated by published reports of the time, the sponge generally contained (2)

Answer 11

Morphine and scopolamine

Question 12

Was an alcohol-based solution of opium first compounded by Paracelsus in the sixteenth century.

Given by nursemaids to quiet wailing infants and abused by many upper-class women, poets, and artists who fell victim to its addictive potential.

Answer 12

Laudanum

Question 13

Was known for its ability to induce lightheadedness
and was often inhaled by those seeking a thrill. It was made by heating ammonium nitrate in the presence of iron filings.

Answer 13

Nitrous oxide

Question 14

Nitrous oxide was irst prepared in 1773 by ___ an
English clergyman and scientist, who ranks among the great pioneers
of chemistry.

Answer 14

Joseph Priestley

Question 15

Commented that nitrous oxide transiently relieved a severe headache, obliterated a minor headache, and briely quenched an aggravating toothache. The most frequently quoted passage was a casual entry: “As nitrous oxide in its extensive operation appears capable of destroying physical pain, it may probably be used with advantage during surgical operations in which no great effusion of blood takes place”

Answer 15

Humphry Davy

Question 16

Used high concentrations of carbon dioxide

in his studies on mice and dogs.

Answer 16

Henry Hill Hickman

Question 17

The compound now known as ____ had been known for centuries; it may have been synthesized first by an eighth-century Arabian philosopher Jabir ibn Hayyan or possibly by Raymond Lully, a thirteenth century European alchemist.

Answer 17

diethyl ether

Question 18

But diethyl ether was certainly known in the
sixteenth century, to both Valerius Cordus and Paracelsus who prepared it by distilling sulfuric acid (oil of vitriol) with fortified wine to produce:

Answer 18

oleum vitrioli dulce (sweet oil of vitriol)

Question 19

He administered ether, from a towel, to a young woman named Hobbie. One of her teeth was then extracted without pain by a dentist named Elijah Pope.

Answer 19

William E. Clarke

Question 20

Administered ether with a towel for surgical anesthesia in Jefferson, Georgia. His patient, James M. Venable, was a young man who was already familiar with ether’s exhilarating effects, for he reported in a certiicate that he had previously inhaled it and was fond of its use.

After inhaling ether from the towel and having the procedure successfully completed, Venable reported that he was unaware of the removal of the tumors.16 In determining the irst fee for anesthesia and surgery,
Long settled on a charge of $2.00.

Answer 20

Crawford Williamson Long

Question 21

After learning that ether dropped on the skin provided analgesia, he began experiments with inhaled ETHER, an agent that proved to be much more versatile than nitrous oxide.

He secured permission to provide an anesthetic to Edward Gilbert Abbott, a patient of surgeon John
Collins Warren. Warren planned to excise a vascular lesion from the left side of Abbott’s neck and was about to proceed when he arrived late.

Answer 21

William Thomas Green Morton

Question 22

Morton admitted that the active component of the colored fluid, which he had called ___ was simple diethyl ether.

Answer 22

“Letheon”

Question 23

Was a successful obstetrician of Edinburgh,
Scotland, and among the irst to use ether for the relief of labor pain.

He submitted his first account of its use for publication in The Lancet.

Answer 23

James Young Simpson

Question 24

Gained considerable notoriety after John Snow

used it to deliver the last two children of Queen Victoria.

Answer 24

Chloroform

Question 25

During the monarch’s labor, Snow gave analgesic doses of chloroform on a folded handkerchief.

This technique was soon termed ______

Answer 25

chloroform à la reine