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EXAMS > history > Flashcards

history Flashcards

1
Q

companies producing similar products merge or are bought out

A

horizontal integration

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2
Q

licenses that give the inventor exclusive rights to make, sell, or use an invention for a set period of time

A

patents

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3
Q

implies that business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public

  • drained economy of natural resources
  • bribed/persuaded government officials to side in their favor
A

robber baron

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4
Q

helped the nation in a positive way

  • created jobs, expanded nations
  • raised the standard of living for Americans
  • same as philanthropists
A

captains of industry

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5
Q

made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with countries

A

Sherman antitrust act

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6
Q

based on Darwin’s theory of biological evolution- natural selection

  • a way to justify laissez faire
  • strongest businesses would succeed & increase wealth of nation without government interference
A

Social Darwinism

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7
Q

describe division of labor

A
  • instead of finishing product start to finish
  • split tasks- one worker did same task repeatedly
  • increased efficiency
  • relationship between workers/owners changed- less interaction
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8
Q

describe the work environment

A
  • unsafe, dirty
  • poor lighting, ventilation
  • strict discipline enforced-many rules; no talking or refusal to do a task
  • no shortage of labor; factory work offered higher pay
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9
Q

describe child labor

A
  • many worked to help support the fam
  • cheap labor to owners
  • dangerous, dirty, unhealthy
  • stunted growth
  • injuries
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10
Q

a philosophy that favors public instead of private control of the means of production

A

Socialism

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11
Q

describe Knights of labor (KL)

A
  • men & women, skilled & unskilled
  • farmers, factory workers, shopkeepers
  • recruited AF-AMERICANS- 60000 joined after 1881
  • wanted reforms: equal pay, equal work, 8 hour workday, end child labor
  • DID NOT promote higher wages
  • DID NOT STRIKE
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12
Q

describe the American federation of labor (AFL)

A
  • leader: Samuel Gompers
  • only skilled workers (craft Union)
  • excluded women and African Americans
  • main focus was higher wages
  • relied on economic pressure, strikes,and boycotts
  • tried to force employers to participate in collective bargaining
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13
Q

workers negotiate as a group with employers

A

collective bargaining

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14
Q

skilled workers

A

craft Union

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15
Q

organized workers from all crafts in a given industry

A

industrial union

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16
Q

describe the Pullman strike

A
  • cars: luxury sleeping cars (Town of Pullman)
  • laid off workers and cut wages but kept prices and rent the same
  • worker’s strike
  • railroad owners said strike went against Sherman-Antitrust Act (interfered with mail delivery)
  • President Cleveland sent federal troops to ensure workers obeyed order
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17
Q

what did Thomas Edison invent?

A

lightbulb & the Central Power station

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18
Q

what did Alexander graham bell invent?

A

telephone

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19
Q

what did Edwin Drake invent?

A

new method of drilling oil

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20
Q

what did Christopher sholes invent?

A

typewriter

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21
Q

what did Henry Bessemer invent?

A

the Bessemer process

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22
Q

a process in which company takes over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain control of quality and cost of its products

A

vertical integration

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23
Q

push factors for immigration

A

-persecution in old countries
such as Irish potato famine, Russian Jew massacre, Russian revolution
-overpopulation in old countries (no jobs)

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24
Q

pull factors of immigration

A
  • economic conditions in U.S
  • need workers- plenty of jobs
  • owning land (Homestad Act)
  • immigrant letters (wrote home to families in old country: convincing them to move to US)
  • “image of America” created an image of freedom and opportunity
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25
Q

what is old immigration?

A

NW (north and Western Europe)

  • Ireland, Germany, England, France
  • peaked in 1860’s
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26
Q

what is new immigration?

A

SE (Southern and Eastern Europe)

  • Italy, Poland, Russia, Hungary
  • peaked around 1910
  • arrived in Ellis Island: NYC
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27
Q

large open area beneath ships deck

A

steerage

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28
Q

beliefs of nativist movement?

A
  • anti-foreigners
  • wanted to preserve the American identity (WASP white Anglo Saxons Protestant)
  • believed in manifest destiny
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29
Q

what was the Chinese exclusion act?

A
  • prevented Chinese laborers from entering country
  • funded by AFL
  • renewed in 1892 & 1902 (made permanent)
  • not repealed until 1943
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30
Q

what was the gentlemans agreement 1907 in depth?

A
  • racial tensions similar to Chinese
  • 1906: San Fran school board ruled that all Japan and Korean children attend separate schools -Japanese government condemned this policy- 1844 treaty giving Japanese right to enter US freely
  • threatened to become international crisis
  • Roosevelt reached compromise with Japan government
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31
Q

called for San Fran to end school policy and for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers

A

Gentleman’s Agreement 1907

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32
Q

low cost apartment buildings designed to house many families as an owner could pack in

A

tenements

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33
Q

describe urban living conditions

A
  • slums: dirty and run down
  • open sewers (rats spread disease)
  • pollution: soot from coal- paired boilers
  • poor ventilation
  • dangers (fires, even small ones)
  • diseases: cholera, malaria, tuberculosis
  • epidemics swept thru big cities
  • scientists believe lack of ventilation and clean water help spread disease
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34
Q

each building narrowed in the middle and gaps on either side formed air shafts

A

dumbbell tenements

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35
Q

who is Jacob Riis/ what did he do?

A
  • reporter for New York Times
  • lived in poverty and wanted to expose tenements
  • photographer
  • his work helped expose horrors of tenements
  • hoped to generate public support for reforms
  • resulted in NY state passing the nations first laws to improve tenement life
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36
Q

describe social gospel movement

A
  • tried to apply teachings of Jesus directly to society
  • focused on gospel ideas of charity and justice (esp. seeking labor reforms)
  • instead of blaming immigrants for problems; treat problems that turned people to: drinking, gambling, etc
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37
Q

describe the settlement movement

A

-idealists thought social workers helped best by living in the neighborhoods with the people

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38
Q

describe settlement houses

A
  • a type of community center in middle of poor neighborhoods offering social services
  • first one: Hull House (Jane Addams)
  • neighbors attended cultural events, classes; child-care centers, playgrounds, summer camps for children, health care
  • by 1910 : 400+ settlement houses
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39
Q

describe immigration restriction league

A
  • anti Catholics/ S&E Europeans
  • wanted stricter literacy tests
  • —-must be able to read and write in English
  • vetoed by 3 presidents
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40
Q

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

A

Nativism

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41
Q

separation of people by race

A

segregation

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42
Q

Jim Crow Laws Restrictions

A

-poll tax: a special fee that must be paid before a person could vote
»»> or had to own property
-literacy tests: had to prove ability to read and write and meet minimum standards of knowledge
-grandfather clauses: tried to protect white voting rights; laws exempted men
»» if they had voted previously
»» ancestors that had already voted
before blacks had the right to vote

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43
Q

Describe Plessy V Ferguson

A
  • Supreme Court’s “seperate but equal” rule
  • in 1896 Homer Plessy argued his right to equal protection of the laws
  • Supreme Court ruled segregation legal and that the 14th amendment doesn’t guarantee social equality, as long as facilities for blacks were equal to whites (hard to enforce)
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44
Q

murder of an accused person by a mob w/o a lawful trial

A

lynching

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45
Q

aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct social injustices in American life

A

progressive movement

46
Q

4 goals of progressivism

A
  1. protecting social welfare: soften the harsh conditions of industrialization
  2. promoting moral improvement
  3. Creating economic reform
  4. Fostering Efficiency
47
Q

3 groups that dominated the temperance movement

A
  • Prohibition Party
  • Women’s Christian Temperance Union
  • Anti-saloon League
48
Q

the right to vote

A

suffrage

49
Q

what is the national woman suffrage association (NAWSA)

A
  • started by Anthony and Stanton

- group of women against prohibition

50
Q

3 part strategy for suffrage

A
  1. target individual states
  2. test the 14th amendment
  3. National Constitutional Amendment (NAWSA concentrated on this)
51
Q

a nonviolent refusal to obey a law in an effort to change it

A

civil disobedience

52
Q

19th amendment

A

Congress passed the legislation granting women the right to vote in 1919 (technically 1920)

53
Q

Square Deal?

A
  1. 1902 Coal Strike
  2. Trusts
  3. Unregulated Big Business
  4. Dangerous Foods and Medicines
  5. Shrinking Wilderness and natural resources
  6. Racial Discrimination
54
Q

-stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, and reduced tariffs

A

New Freedom

55
Q

prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another company if doing so would create a monopoly

A

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

56
Q

watchdog agency: can investigate possible violations

-require reports from corporations to help end unfair business practices

A

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)

57
Q

Federal Reserve System

A
  • US central banking system
  • divided nation into 12 districts & established a regional central bank in each district
  • issues US currency
  • by 1923: 70% of nations banking resources were part of Fed
  • still have today
58
Q

an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

A

Temperance movement

59
Q

a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

A

prohibition

60
Q

journalists who uncover wrongdoings of society

A

muckrakers

61
Q

breaking manufacturing tasks into simpler parts

A

scientific management

62
Q

stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations

A

imperialism

63
Q

arguments for US expansion

A
  1. promote economic growth
  2. protect American security
  3. preserve American spirit
64
Q

arguments against US expansion

A
  1. moral & political
  2. racism
  3. economic
65
Q

using exaggerated or false stories; anything sensational to sell papers

A

yellow journalism

66
Q

describe the treaty of Paris

A
  • signed with Spain in December 1898
  • Spain recognized Cuban independence
  • Spain also gave US the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam
67
Q

describe Platt Amendment

A
  1. Cuban government could not enter in any foreign agreements
  2. US could establish naval bases as needed on island
  3. US has right to intervene anytime necessary
68
Q

importance of Panama Canal

A
  • connected the Atlantic & Pacific oceans
  • made global shipping easier and cheaper
  • would allow US Navy to move quickly from one ocean to another in a time of war
69
Q

Roosevelt’s BIG STICK diplomacy

A
  • referring to the US Navy

- had an aggressive foreign policy

70
Q

an extension to the Monroe Doctrine

A

Roosevelt Corollary

71
Q

devotion to one’s nation

A

nationalism

72
Q

idea that the US has to expand democracy and American way of life

A

Manifest Destiny

73
Q

Central Powers

A

Germany, AH, later Turkey

74
Q

Allied Powers

A

Russia, France, Serbia, GB.. later Italy, Japan, US

75
Q

how did American public feel about the war (WW1)?

A
  • some felt personally involved- 1/3 of population were immigrants or children of immigrants
  • Most favored Allies bc they identified with British culture
  • many did not like German Kaiser: his strong rule opposed views of democracy
76
Q

describe the Preparedness Movement

A
  • led by American business leaders who had strong commercial ties with GB
  • wanted country to be prepared to aid Britain in necessary
  • persuaded government to set up camps to train American men for combat
77
Q

situation in which either side is unable to gain the advantage

A

stalemate

78
Q

4 causes of WW1

A

nationalism, militarism, imperialism, alliance systems

79
Q

act authorizing a draft of young men for military service

A

Selective Service Act of 1917

80
Q

special war bonds to support the Allied cause

A

Liberty bonds

81
Q

the love of ones country and the willingness to fight to defend its ideals and institutions

A

patriotism

82
Q

a system of pricing determined by government on the sale of food

A

price controls

83
Q

any speech or action that encourages rebellion

A

sedition

84
Q

Espionage & Sedition Acts

A

made it illegal to interfere with the war effort or saying anything disloyal, abusive, or profane about the government

85
Q

rewards gained after war victory

A

spoils

86
Q

Name the agencies created for economy

A
  • War Industries Board: overlooked war-related production
  • War Trade Board: licensed foreign trade & punished firms suspected of dealing with the enemy
  • National War Labor Board: worked to settle any labor disputes that might disrupt war effort
87
Q

Effects on German-Americans (hostility)

A
  • high schools stopped teaching German; German composers and musicians banned from concerts
  • German measles became known as Liberty measles
  • physical attacks and mob lynching
88
Q

Wilson’s 14 points (describe)

A
  • proposal for peace
  • called to end secret treaties, removal of trade barriers, reduction of military forces
  • called for AH’s groups to have self determination
  • Allies did not share Wilsons ideas and threw them out
89
Q

organization in which nations of the world would join together to ensure security and peace

A

League of Nations

90
Q

name the writers and performers of the Harlem Renaissance

A
  • Claude McKay
  • Langston Hughes
  • Zora Neale Hurston
  • Paul Robeson
  • Louis Armstrong
  • Duke Ellington
  • Bessie Smith
91
Q

supplying illegal liquor: complex operation, huge profit potential

A

organized crime

92
Q

suppliers of illegal alcohol

original meaning- drinkers who hid flasks in the leg of their boot

A

bootleggers

93
Q

what was the 18th amendment?

A

banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption nationally

94
Q

3 main goals of prohibition (1920s)?

A

-good,bad,ugly

95
Q

bars that operated illegally

A

Speakeasies

96
Q

print, film and broadcast methods of communicating information to large numbers of people

A

mass media

97
Q

compact newspaper that relies on large headlines, few words and many pictures to tell a story

A

tabloid

98
Q

what was the importance of newspapers and magazines in 19029s?

A

Americans began to share the same information=thus newspapers & magazines helped to create a common popular culture

99
Q

musicians and influences in the Jazz Age?

A
  • Louis Armstrong

- Duke Ellington

100
Q

what is a flapper?

A

new type of young women in 1920s

101
Q

Cons of women’s changing roles

A
  • most hospitals would not hire female doctors
  • seldom trained beyond an entry level position
  • most employers expected women to quit once married or pregnant
  • drank and smoked in public
102
Q

pros of women’s changing roles

A
  • rebellious, energetic, bold

- More women voted as the decade went on



103
Q

Describe what the Red Scare in the US was?

A

-Red Scare: an intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas
-Russian Revolution occurred in 1917 civil war broke out shortly after and the “Reds” or Bolsheviks, took power
led by Vladimir Lenin

104
Q
  • The government owned all land & property
  • A single political party controlled the government
  • The needs of the country always took priority over rights of individual
A

communism

105
Q

passed by Congress in 1919 to provide a system for enforcing Prohibition

A

Volstead Act

106
Q

A person who opposes all forms of government

A

anarchist

107
Q

Secret leasing of oil rich public land to private companies in return for money and land

A

Teapot Dome scandal

108
Q

Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and charged with robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and a guard in south Braintree Massachusetts

  • they were sent to death and the presiding judge made prejudicial remarks
  • resulted in protests
A

Sacco and Vanzetti trial

109
Q

A pact that renounced war as a national policy. however the pact was futile and as it provided no means of enforcement

A

Kellogg-Briand pact

110
Q

a minority groups adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture

A

assimimilation

111
Q

an act that reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a five-member interstate commerce commission for that purpose

A

interstate commerce act

112
Q

Who was Lewis Hine and what did he do?

A
  • he felt strongly about abuse of child labor
  • he also became an investigative photographer and traveled around the country photographing children’s working conditions of children in all types of industries
  • his images stirred Americas conscience and helped change labor laws

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