history Flashcards
1
Q
companies producing similar products merge or are bought out
A
horizontal integration
2
Q
licenses that give the inventor exclusive rights to make, sell, or use an invention for a set period of time
A
patents
3
Q
implies that business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public
- drained economy of natural resources
- bribed/persuaded government officials to side in their favor
A
robber baron
4
Q
helped the nation in a positive way
- created jobs, expanded nations
- raised the standard of living for Americans
- same as philanthropists
A
captains of industry
5
Q
made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with countries
A
Sherman antitrust act
6
Q
based on Darwin’s theory of biological evolution- natural selection
- a way to justify laissez faire
- strongest businesses would succeed & increase wealth of nation without government interference
A
Social Darwinism
7
Q
describe division of labor
A
- instead of finishing product start to finish
- split tasks- one worker did same task repeatedly
- increased efficiency
- relationship between workers/owners changed- less interaction
8
Q
describe the work environment
A
- unsafe, dirty
- poor lighting, ventilation
- strict discipline enforced-many rules; no talking or refusal to do a task
- no shortage of labor; factory work offered higher pay
9
Q
describe child labor
A
- many worked to help support the fam
- cheap labor to owners
- dangerous, dirty, unhealthy
- stunted growth
- injuries
10
Q
a philosophy that favors public instead of private control of the means of production
A
Socialism
11
Q
describe Knights of labor (KL)
A
- men & women, skilled & unskilled
- farmers, factory workers, shopkeepers
- recruited AF-AMERICANS- 60000 joined after 1881
- wanted reforms: equal pay, equal work, 8 hour workday, end child labor
- DID NOT promote higher wages
- DID NOT STRIKE
12
Q
describe the American federation of labor (AFL)
A
- leader: Samuel Gompers
- only skilled workers (craft Union)
- excluded women and African Americans
- main focus was higher wages
- relied on economic pressure, strikes,and boycotts
- tried to force employers to participate in collective bargaining
13
Q
workers negotiate as a group with employers
A
collective bargaining
14
Q
skilled workers
A
craft Union
15
Q
organized workers from all crafts in a given industry
A
industrial union
16
Q
describe the Pullman strike
A
- cars: luxury sleeping cars (Town of Pullman)
- laid off workers and cut wages but kept prices and rent the same
- worker’s strike
- railroad owners said strike went against Sherman-Antitrust Act (interfered with mail delivery)
- President Cleveland sent federal troops to ensure workers obeyed order
17
Q
what did Thomas Edison invent?
A
lightbulb & the Central Power station
18
Q
what did Alexander graham bell invent?
A
telephone
19
Q
what did Edwin Drake invent?
A
new method of drilling oil
20
Q
what did Christopher sholes invent?
A
typewriter
21
Q
what did Henry Bessemer invent?
A
the Bessemer process
22
Q
a process in which company takes over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain control of quality and cost of its products
A
vertical integration
23
Q
push factors for immigration
A
-persecution in old countries
such as Irish potato famine, Russian Jew massacre, Russian revolution
-overpopulation in old countries (no jobs)
24
Q
pull factors of immigration
A
- economic conditions in U.S
- need workers- plenty of jobs
- owning land (Homestad Act)
- immigrant letters (wrote home to families in old country: convincing them to move to US)
- “image of America” created an image of freedom and opportunity
25
what is old immigration?
NW (north and Western Europe)
- Ireland, Germany, England, France
- peaked in 1860's
26
what is new immigration?
SE (Southern and Eastern Europe)
- Italy, Poland, Russia, Hungary
- peaked around 1910
- arrived in Ellis Island: NYC
27
large open area beneath ships deck
steerage
28
beliefs of nativist movement?
- anti-foreigners
- wanted to preserve the American identity (WASP white Anglo Saxons Protestant)
- believed in manifest destiny
29
what was the Chinese exclusion act?
- prevented Chinese laborers from entering country
- funded by AFL
- renewed in 1892 & 1902 (made permanent)
- not repealed until 1943
30
what was the gentlemans agreement 1907 in depth?
- racial tensions similar to Chinese
- 1906: San Fran school board ruled that all Japan and Korean children attend separate schools -Japanese government condemned this policy- 1844 treaty giving Japanese right to enter US freely
- threatened to become international crisis
- Roosevelt reached compromise with Japan government
31
called for San Fran to end school policy and for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers
Gentleman's Agreement 1907
32
low cost apartment buildings designed to house many families as an owner could pack in
tenements
33
describe urban living conditions
- slums: dirty and run down
- open sewers (rats spread disease)
- pollution: soot from coal- paired boilers
- poor ventilation
- dangers (fires, even small ones)
- diseases: cholera, malaria, tuberculosis
- epidemics swept thru big cities
- scientists believe lack of ventilation and clean water help spread disease
34
each building narrowed in the middle and gaps on either side formed air shafts
dumbbell tenements
35
who is Jacob Riis/ what did he do?
- reporter for New York Times
- lived in poverty and wanted to expose tenements
- photographer
- his work helped expose horrors of tenements
- hoped to generate public support for reforms
- resulted in NY state passing the nations first laws to improve tenement life
36
describe social gospel movement
- tried to apply teachings of Jesus directly to society
- focused on gospel ideas of charity and justice (esp. seeking labor reforms)
- instead of blaming immigrants for problems; treat problems that turned people to: drinking, gambling, etc
37
describe the settlement movement
-idealists thought social workers helped best by living in the neighborhoods with the people
38
describe settlement houses
- a type of community center in middle of poor neighborhoods offering social services
- first one: Hull House (Jane Addams)
- neighbors attended cultural events, classes; child-care centers, playgrounds, summer camps for children, health care
- by 1910 : 400+ settlement houses
39
describe immigration restriction league
- anti Catholics/ S&E Europeans
- wanted stricter literacy tests
- ----must be able to read and write in English
- vetoed by 3 presidents
40
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
Nativism
41
separation of people by race
segregation
42
Jim Crow Laws Restrictions
-poll tax: a special fee that must be paid before a person could vote
>>>>> or had to own property
-literacy tests: had to prove ability to read and write and meet minimum standards of knowledge
-grandfather clauses: tried to protect white voting rights; laws exempted men
>>>> if they had voted previously
>>>> ancestors that had already voted
before blacks had the right to vote
43
Describe Plessy V Ferguson
- Supreme Court's "seperate but equal" rule
- in 1896 Homer Plessy argued his right to equal protection of the laws
- Supreme Court ruled segregation legal and that the 14th amendment doesn't guarantee social equality, as long as facilities for blacks were equal to whites (hard to enforce)
44
murder of an accused person by a mob w/o a lawful trial
lynching
45
aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct social injustices in American life
progressive movement
46
4 goals of progressivism
1. protecting social welfare: soften the harsh conditions of industrialization
2. promoting moral improvement
3. Creating economic reform
4. Fostering Efficiency
47
3 groups that dominated the temperance movement
- Prohibition Party
- Women's Christian Temperance Union
- Anti-saloon League
48
the right to vote
suffrage
49
what is the national woman suffrage association (NAWSA)
- started by Anthony and Stanton
| - group of women against prohibition
50
3 part strategy for suffrage
1. target individual states
2. test the 14th amendment
3. National Constitutional Amendment (NAWSA concentrated on this)
51
a nonviolent refusal to obey a law in an effort to change it
civil disobedience
52
19th amendment
Congress passed the legislation granting women the right to vote in 1919 (technically 1920)
53
Square Deal?
1. 1902 Coal Strike
2. Trusts
3. Unregulated Big Business
4. Dangerous Foods and Medicines
5. Shrinking Wilderness and natural resources
6. Racial Discrimination
54
-stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, and reduced tariffs
New Freedom
55
prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another company if doing so would create a monopoly
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
56
watchdog agency: can investigate possible violations
| -require reports from corporations to help end unfair business practices
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
57
Federal Reserve System
- US central banking system
- divided nation into 12 districts & established a regional central bank in each district
- issues US currency
- by 1923: 70% of nations banking resources were part of Fed
- still have today
58
an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption
Temperance movement
59
a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
prohibition
60
journalists who uncover wrongdoings of society
muckrakers
61
breaking manufacturing tasks into simpler parts
scientific management
62
stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations
imperialism
63
arguments for US expansion
1. promote economic growth
2. protect American security
3. preserve American spirit
64
arguments against US expansion
1. moral & political
2. racism
3. economic
65
using exaggerated or false stories; anything sensational to sell papers
yellow journalism
66
describe the treaty of Paris
- signed with Spain in December 1898
- Spain recognized Cuban independence
- Spain also gave US the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam
67
describe Platt Amendment
1. Cuban government could not enter in any foreign agreements
2. US could establish naval bases as needed on island
3. US has right to intervene anytime necessary
68
importance of Panama Canal
- connected the Atlantic & Pacific oceans
- made global shipping easier and cheaper
- would allow US Navy to move quickly from one ocean to another in a time of war
69
Roosevelt's BIG STICK diplomacy
- referring to the US Navy
| - had an aggressive foreign policy
70
an extension to the Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary
71
devotion to one's nation
nationalism
72
idea that the US has to expand democracy and American way of life
Manifest Destiny
73
Central Powers
Germany, AH, later Turkey
74
Allied Powers
Russia, France, Serbia, GB.. later Italy, Japan, US
75
how did American public feel about the war (WW1)?
- some felt personally involved- 1/3 of population were immigrants or children of immigrants
- Most favored Allies bc they identified with British culture
- many did not like German Kaiser: his strong rule opposed views of democracy
76
describe the Preparedness Movement
- led by American business leaders who had strong commercial ties with GB
- wanted country to be prepared to aid Britain in necessary
- persuaded government to set up camps to train American men for combat
77
situation in which either side is unable to gain the advantage
stalemate
78
4 causes of WW1
nationalism, militarism, imperialism, alliance systems
79
act authorizing a draft of young men for military service
Selective Service Act of 1917
80
special war bonds to support the Allied cause
Liberty bonds
81
the love of ones country and the willingness to fight to defend its ideals and institutions
patriotism
82
a system of pricing determined by government on the sale of food
price controls
83
any speech or action that encourages rebellion
sedition
84
Espionage & Sedition Acts
made it illegal to interfere with the war effort or saying anything disloyal, abusive, or profane about the government
85
rewards gained after war victory
spoils
86
Name the agencies created for economy
- War Industries Board: overlooked war-related production
- War Trade Board: licensed foreign trade & punished firms suspected of dealing with the enemy
- National War Labor Board: worked to settle any labor disputes that might disrupt war effort
87
Effects on German-Americans (hostility)
- high schools stopped teaching German; German composers and musicians banned from concerts
- German measles became known as Liberty measles
- physical attacks and mob lynching
88
Wilson's 14 points (describe)
- proposal for peace
- called to end secret treaties, removal of trade barriers, reduction of military forces
- called for AH's groups to have self determination
- Allies did not share Wilsons ideas and threw them out
89
organization in which nations of the world would join together to ensure security and peace
League of Nations
90
name the writers and performers of the Harlem Renaissance
- Claude McKay
- Langston Hughes
- Zora Neale Hurston
- Paul Robeson
- Louis Armstrong
- Duke Ellington
- Bessie Smith
91
supplying illegal liquor: complex operation, huge profit potential
organized crime
92
suppliers of illegal alcohol
| original meaning- drinkers who hid flasks in the leg of their boot
bootleggers
93
what was the 18th amendment?
banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption nationally
94
3 main goals of prohibition (1920s)?
-good,bad,ugly
95
bars that operated illegally
Speakeasies
96
print, film and broadcast methods of communicating information to large numbers of people
mass media
97
compact newspaper that relies on large headlines, few words and many pictures to tell a story
tabloid
98
what was the importance of newspapers and magazines in 19029s?
Americans began to share the same information=thus newspapers & magazines helped to create a common popular culture
99
musicians and influences in the Jazz Age?
- Louis Armstrong
| - Duke Ellington
100
what is a flapper?
new type of young women in 1920s
101
Cons of women's changing roles
- most hospitals would not hire female doctors
- seldom trained beyond an entry level position
- most employers expected women to quit once married or pregnant
- drank and smoked in public
102
pros of women's changing roles
- rebellious, energetic, bold
| - More women voted as the decade went on
103
Describe what the Red Scare in the US was?
-Red Scare: an intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas
-Russian Revolution occurred in 1917 civil war broke out shortly after and the “Reds” or Bolsheviks, took power
led by Vladimir Lenin
104
- The government owned all land & property
- A single political party controlled the government
- The needs of the country always took priority over rights of individual
communism
105
passed by Congress in 1919 to provide a system for enforcing Prohibition
Volstead Act
106
A person who opposes all forms of government
anarchist
107
Secret leasing of oil rich public land to private companies in return for money and land
Teapot Dome scandal
108
Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and charged with robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and a guard in south Braintree Massachusetts
- they were sent to death and the presiding judge made prejudicial remarks
- resulted in protests
Sacco and Vanzetti trial
109
A pact that renounced war as a national policy. however the pact was futile and as it provided no means of enforcement
Kellogg-Briand pact
110
a minority groups adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture
assimimilation
111
an act that reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a five-member interstate commerce commission for that purpose
interstate commerce act
112
Who was Lewis Hine and what did he do?
- he felt strongly about abuse of child labor
- he also became an investigative photographer and traveled around the country photographing children's working conditions of children in all types of industries
- his images stirred Americas conscience and helped change labor laws
