History

Question 1

Loblolly boys

Answer 1

Est 1799 in the Navy
John Wall- 1st US loblolly boy on record1
Developed after Congress required all ships have area for sick/injured
Duties
Assist surgeon
Sweeping/washing/cleaning guns/make pills and plaster, delivering food, etc

Question 2

Surgeon’s Steward

Answer 2

Loblolly boys name change
Trained in basic medicine
Could provide more support to the surgeon

Question 3

Feldshers

Answer 3

German military assistants to the barber-surgeons
1-3 years of medical education
Length of training will depend on specialty
Tuition is free
Living expenses are provided
Guaranteed position after training completed
Top 10% encouraged to attend medical school
Becoming obsolete
Still seen in ED and urban areas

Question 4

Barefoot Doctors

Answer 4

1965- China
“Village aides”
Training is very basic

Question 5

Frontier Nursing Service

Answer 5

Est 1925- Mary Breckinridge
Maternal and child health care rural Kentucky
Used nurse midwives from Great Britain
1939- Frontier Graduate School of Midwifery
1st Midwifery program and continues to operate
Late 1960s- certificate for family nurse practitioners

Question 6

Practicante

Answer 6

Puerto Rico

Diagnose, treat, suture, fracture reduction

Question 7

Officier de Santé

Answer 7

France (1800s)
Health officers
Independent but limited scope of practice
Suture, minor surgical procedures, prescribe

Question 8

Vivien Thomas

Answer 8

Surgical laboratory assistant
Trained by surgeon:  Dr. Alfred Blalock
Developed surgical techniques and equipment
Worked in cardio surgeries. 
Developed surg techniques and eqiptment
Look as a pioneer of the profession

Question 9

Dr. Charles Hudson

Answer 9

1st physician to suggest non-physician support
Published article in JAMA
New Type of Health Care Provider
Modeled after the Army and Navy corpsman
2-3 yrs of college that paralleled medical school
Develop technical skills
Ohio Association of Physician Assistants
Award named after him
Given to “a person who has advanced the physician assistant concept in Ohio during the past year.”4

Question 10

Dr. Eugene A. Stead, Jr

Answer 10

Founder of the PA Profession
Chair Department of Internal Medicine- Duke University
Developed curriculum for “Advanced Clinical Nursing” with Thelma Ingles, RN
Rejected twice by National League for Nursing for accreditation
Too much physician involvement
1964
Announced that he would create “a course of study for corpsmen to become physician’s assistants

Question 11

Dr. Amos Johnson

Answer 11

Trained “Doctor’s Assistants” in his practice

Prototype for the PA program at Duke

Question 12

Henry “Buddy” Treadwell

Answer 12

Trained to diagnose and treat by Dr. Amos Johnson

Question 13

Wallace Report

Answer 13

Dr. Andrew Wallace: Committee chair- Duke Hospital
Trained personnel in and out of the hospital
2 types of providers
Highly skilled in specific and broad areas
Academic advancement and variation in careers
Define specific needs to resolve manpower problems

Question 14

Dr. Herbert Saltzman

Answer 14

Got an National Institute of Health grant to fund program

Established foundation for first PA training programs

Question 15

Oct 6, 1967

Answer 15

Dr. Steads 57th birthday, and
now national PA day
First graduating class

Question 16

Dr. E. Harvey Estes, Jr1

Answer 16

Took over PA program at Dr. Stead’s retirement
Expanded the PA concept and educational programs across the country
PA Education Accreditation; Certification; CME
Drafted model state laws
Established AAPA with Duke grads

Question 17

Dr. Richard Smith

Answer 17

Worked with non-physicians in Peace Corps in Nigeria and Indian Health Service
Started the MEDEX program at the University of Washington

Question 18

MEDEX

Answer 18

Collaborative Model
Health professionals school
Local and national medical organizations
Rural and urban communities
Overworked physicians
On the job training in clincial year, hired on at clinicals in rural communities
Jointly sponsored

Question 19

Dr. Henry Silver

Answer 19

First program to offer PAs a Masters Degree

ONLY PA program to focus on children

Question 20

Dr. John Webster Kirklin

Answer 20

First surgical assistant (SA) program University of Alabama

Question 21

Essentials for the Educational Training Programs of Surgeon’s Assistants

Answer 21

stated that Pas can be in surgery and belong there

Helps deliniate NPs in primary care

Question 22

Dr. Hu C. Myers

Answer 22

Develop training program was designed to recruit high school students native to the area
Alderson-Broaddus College
Offers 4 year Bachelors degree- Liberal Arts College
No previous health care experience needed
Final 2 yrs trained the art and science of medicine
Became model for smaller colleges

Question 23

Purser mate-training program

Answer 23

Started as 4 month training course in US Coast Guard during WWII
Moved to Public Health Hospital in New York
Expanded to 9 month program
1970- Title: Marine Physician Assistant

Question 24

Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)

Answer 24

Formal 2-yr PA training model at US Medical Center
for Federal Prisoners
First federally sponsored program
No longer exists

Question 25

Indian Health Service (IHS)

Answer 25

Opened 2 yr training program in New Mexico and Arizona
Work in rural and frontier communities
Federally Sponsored

Question 26

Interservice Physician Assistant Program (IPAP)

Answer 26

Largest program in the world
250 students in each didactic and clinical years
Master’s degree- University of Nebraska

Question 27

Alaska Community Health Aides (CHAs)

Answer 27

Similar in concept to MEDEX
Began in 1940s
Response to tuberculosis epidemics
Trained local residents to provider emergency and primary care
Performed procedures using manuals and telephone/radio communication with physicians

Question 28

Type A Physician Assistant

Answer 28

2 year programs
Eventually became model for todays programs
More autonomous provider
Taking histories and performing physical exams
Assist physician with performing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
Practice under the general supervision of the physician
Qualified to integrate and interpret clinical findings and make independent judgment
Preferred by Primary Care Physicians

Question 29

Type B Physician Assistant

Answer 29

Less training
Less general knowledge and skills of entire range of medicine
Technical skills in more specific area
EMT tech-like. Procedural assisting
Less qualified for independent action

Question 30

Type C Physician Assistant

Answer 30

Perform limited number of medical tasks
More direct physician supervision
Similar to Type A PAs, but not as much independence
Could perhaps take an H&P but then wouldn’t do procedures

Question 31

The Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Act

Called for support of PA programs

Answer 31

Most programs converted to primary care (Type B&C were eliminated)
Only survivors- SA, CHA, and pathology assistants

Question 32

William D. Stanhope, MS, PA

Answer 32

First president of AAPA
First PA to be Program Director
Developed 1st certifying exam
Participated in the development of NCCPA
Currently, Trustee of the Physician Assistant History Society4

Question 33

Dr. Alfred Sadler

Answer 33

Founder of the Yale Physician Associate Program
1st president of Association of Physician Assistant Programs (APAP)
Developed accreditation standards with AMA
Certification examination
Co-founder- NCCPA

Question 34

Dr. Thomas Piemme

Answer 34

Founder of George Washington University PA Program
National Board of Medical Examiners- helped define education standards
Goals and Priorities Committee
Helped define professions’ education standards and practice qualifications
Co-Founder NCCPA

Question 35

Dr. John E. Ott

Answer 35

Started researching in the PA field

Conducted research studies on CHA performances

Question 36

Denis Oliver

Answer 36

biochemist

Developed Annual Surveys of Physician Assistant Education

Question 37

Dr. J. Rhodes Haverty

Answer 37

Founding member
NCCPA
Addressed recertification and specialty certification (1976)5- every 6 years
JRC (now ARC-PA)
Joint review commission.

Question 38

NCCPA

Answer 38

issue the recertification exams

Question 39

PANCE

Answer 39

PA National Certification Examination

Question 40

PANRE

Answer 40

PA National Recertification Examination

Question 41

nccPA Health Foundation

Answer 41

charitable nonprofit organization that designs solutions for improving the capacity of certified PAs to impact quality and accessibility of health care delivery
Partnered with the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) (US Dept of Health and Human Services)
Oral health initiative

Question 42

ARC-PA

Answer 42

sets education program standards

Question 43

PAEA

Answer 43

Physician Assistant Education Association
education, research, advocacy, publications
formally the APAP (association of physician assistant programs)

Question 44

OAPA

Answer 44

ohio association of PA
conferences- pharm conference every year, need 12 CMEs/year, meets that requirement
advocacy-SB110
Networking, committees and task groups, 
EDUCATION, ADVOCACY, PROMOTE PA PRACTICE

Question 45

SB110

Answer 45

Currently in the house for conference
eliminates 60 minutes supervising physician law
physicians can supervise up to 3 Pas
Eliminates the “list” of what a PA can do, and now it is a scope of practice, up to the discretion of the supervising MD/DO
changes certificate to practice and certificate to prescribe to a uniform License
can delegate to MAs, RTs and RNs
eliminates 6 mo provisional period for prescribing for moving states

Question 46

Cuyahoga Community College

Answer 46

First PA school in ohio, 1974