History 3 Flashcards
imperialism
stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations
economic
the growth of industry increased the need for natural resources
commerce
new markets and expansions of trade into Asia and Latin America
nationalistic
European nations competed for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism
military
Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships
humanitarian
desire/ duty to spread western civilization into other countries
The New Manifest Destiny
trade into Asia and Latin America, keeping up with Europe, trade center of the world, build a canal
Imperialists
Theodore Roosevelt, William McKinley, William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer
Anti-Imperialists
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Susan B. Anthony
The Monroe Doctrine
The U.S. declared itself neutral in the European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the western hemisphere
Seward’s Folly
In 1867, secretary of state, William Seward, bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
Midway Islands
Seward bought the Midway Islands for use as repairing and refueling stations for navy seals in the Pacific.
Open Door Policy
John Hayes proposed them to European powers to respect the territorial integrity of China and for trade rights. All nations had equal trade in China.
Fist of Righteous Harmony
members were called boxers because they practiced martial arts. Their cause was to expel all “foreign devils” from China.
Russo Japanese War
Roosevelt acted as the mediator between them, he won a Nobel Peace Prize award for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.
Portsmouth Treaty
Japan controlled some of the territorial gains from the war. Russia and Japan would split the Sakhalin Islands. Japan agreed to stop fighting and expanding. The U.S. relations between Russia and Japan decrease.
Panama Canal
President Roosevelt helped the Panamanian Revolution overthrow the Columbian government. It was built through and from the U.S. and Latin America (Columbia to be exact) to help improve trade. Latin America was angered by these actions so the U.S. tried to undo the damage by paying Columbia $25 million. The Columbian government gained access to the canal as well.
Roosevelt in Corollary
The U.S. acted as an international police power in the Western Hemisphere
Roosevelt in Asia
wanted to preserve the Open Door policy to trade with China.
Realism
beliefs that relations with other countries should be guided by self-interest, benefits themselves
Idealism
beliefs that values and ideals should influence how countries relate to one another, benefiting other countries as well
Selective Service Act
In May 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which created a national draft. The act required all men ages 21 to 30 to register for military service at local polling stations. This was the first time the U.S. government had established a draft before entering a war.
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)
They were the first U.S. military force/Americans to reach French soil. They were nicknamed “the doughboys”.
369th Regiment
They were an African American regiment of the U.S. They took part in active combat, for which they earned high praise. The soldiers of the 369th fought so fiercely, Germans called them the “Hell Fighters.” After the war, France was awarded the 369th the country’s highest military honors.
Pacifists
People who for political, moral, or religious reasons oppose all wars.
Conscientious Objectors
It’s someone who opposes war for religious or moral reasons and therefore refuses to serve in the military
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Their purpose was to promote pro-war propaganda to the American public. Their goal was to create massive propaganda campaigns. The most successful one is How The War Came to America and it came in 4 or more languages.
4-Minute Men
It was where CPI recruited 75,000 men to speak for 4 minutes at civic and social clubs, etc. They carried out CPI’s most successful campaign.
5 ways Americans supported the war effort.
1) During parades, families waved patriotic flags and wore patriotic costumes. 2) In schools, children saved tin cans, paper, and old toothpaste tubes to recycle into war materials. 3) Families collected peach and apricot pots to make gas masks. 4) Women knitted blankets and socks for soldiers. 5) Many people joined the Red Cross packaging and rolling bandages sending them overseas.
Liberty Bond
Liberty bond is a government-issued bond sold during World War I to raise money for the Allied war effort.
War Industries Board
It was created to direct industrial production. Coordinate the work of government agencies and industry groups to make sure supplies and equipment were produced and delivered to the military.
National War Labor Board
To ensure the cooperation of unions in the war effort, labor leaders readily agreed. They had to peacefully settle labor disputes in order to prevent strikes or lock-outs in war industries
Food Administration
To oversee the production and distribution of food and fuel. They raised crop prices to encourage farmers to produce more food and began a campaign that urged Americans to conserve food and reduce waste.
Fuel Administration
Introduced daylight savings by time. Met the nation’s energy needs through a combination of increased production and conservation. To conserve energy, Americans turned down their heaters and wore sweaters on “heatless Mondays.” On “gasless Sundays,” they went for walks instead of driving their cars.
Espionage Act
It made it a crime to spy or interfere with government foreign policy, or resist the military draft.
Sedition Act
Made it a crime for American citizens to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort.
Socialist Party position on the war
They viewed the war as a fight among capitalists for wealth and power.
Schenck v. U.S.
In 1919, it was a Supreme Court case that declared that Charles Schenck’s propaganda efforts against the military draft were illegal under the Espionage Act of 1918 and were not protected by his First Amendment right to freedom of speech
Wilson’s vision for world peace was called Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
He wanted Freedom of the Seas which was for merchant ships to have the right to travel freely and unthreatened in international waters in times of peace and war. Another was to ensure the right to self-determination for ethnic groups so they could control their own political future. And lastly was an international organization called the League of Nations. It was to promote international peace and security.
What did France want from Germany?
France wanted Germany to reduce to only 100,000 men and that they be stripped of its coal-rich Saar Valley.
What did England (Lloyd George) want from Germany?
England wanted Germany to take responsibility for starting the war. This included the War-Guilt Clause which held Germany responsible for the war and required it to pay $33 billion to make reparations to the Allied nations for losses and damages.
reparation
a payment demanded of a nation defeated in war by a victorious nation.
As a result of the concept of self-determination after WWI, what happened in Europe?
Only self-determination remained in Europe because of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it had left the unclear fate of many ethnic groups.
Was American foreign policy from the 1800s to 1917 motivated more by realism or idealism?
It was motivated more by realism because America had helped many countries but to their own benefit. They had gone to war, gained land, and benefited in other countries with trade and investments.
Dollar Diplomacy
Was to encourage protecting U.S. trade and investments in Latin America and Asia.
Alaska
Instead of buying it, Russia offered the region to the U.S. for 7.2 million dollars. Gained vast natural resources, including gold.
Self-determination
the right of people of other nations to determine their own government, free of outside influence.
Moral Diplomacy
Promoted democratic ideals abroad. Based on democratic ideals than economic investment or use of force. The U.S. would use its power to aid the development of the world.
