History 261

Question 1

Doctrine of Discovery

Answer 1

15-17th century

• ‘Legal’ means by which Europeans made claims that they -‘discovered’ new lands.
• Rooted in Catholicism –> Save Souls, ‘Evangelize’, Civilize.
• Depended on the idea of Terra Nulls, that the land belonged to no one.
• Failed to recognize Indigenous Peoples Claims as valid because Its did not meet the standards that Europeans valued.

Question 2

The Royal Proclamation

Answer 2

1763

• Attempt by colonial powers to govern the territory by designating lands for Indigenous People.
• Reserved land for Indigenous people and pushed them west, the lands drained by the rivers that flowed in to the Atlantic.
• Validated Indigenous People’s title to lands and acknowledged that they were there prior to the colonists.
• Was the First Reservation and would set a precedent for the Canadian nation state who would later created the numbered treaties, the first 7 of which would be numbered in the last quarter of the 19th century
• At the same time, it segregated IPs from settlers, which would divide them culturally, socially, and economically.

Question 3

The Grand Coalition

Answer 3

1860s
A group of (rich, white) men led by John A. Macdonald and George Etienne Cartier who represented both Upper and Lower Canada.
The Coalitions would be successful in achieving success in Confederation through the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, Quebec with the 72 Quebec resolutions, and the 1886 London Conference where the BNA Act would be created.
Historically significant because it achieve the nation state of Canada, in 1867.

Question 4

Treaties

Answer 4

1871-1899., 1-7 signed
Represented negotiations between the Canadian State and the Aboriginal Nations, drew on the precedent of the Royal Proclamation os 1763.
It is historically significant because it changed the way Indigenous nations were living, and drastically changed their life ways.
It is important to not that the perspectives were different. Especially with the first set of treaties, language skills were basic, and Its did not have literacy skills for the written part of the contract.
IPs thought they were sharing the land. Canadian State saw it as getting rid of the IPs.

Question 5

Indian Act

Answer 5

1876
Legislation enacted which classified Indigenous People as wards of the state.
Colonial Power decided who was Indian.
Controlled by the state, IPs did not have self governance.
Besides taking away the ability to govern themselves, it se ta paternalistic tone that would encourage policy makers to continue to remove autonomy from IP nations, as exemplified by the Pass and Permit system enacted after the events of 1885.

Question 6

The Pass System

Answer 6

1885-1940
Not a piece of legislation but enforced as if it was.
The Pass system restricted IPs to reserves and restricted non-ops from going on to reserves without consent of the Indian Agent.
This is significant because it contributed to the other, mystification, and segregation of aboriginal people and set them culturally apart from everyone else.

Question 7

The Permit System

Answer 7

1885-1990
Restricted economic interactions between IPs and non–IPs.
This had a significant bearing on the ability to IPs to self govern after. In conjunction with the Pass system, Its were not allowed to engage in economic practice or market activity. Particularly if you compare it the with industrialization, increase manufacturing and boost in economic activities that would come in to WWI period, there is an inability for IPs to take part, and would become wholly dependent on the mercy of the canadian state.

Question 8

Clifford Sifton

Answer 8

1896
as a function of PM Wilfred Laurier, Sifton was charged with promotion the 3rd plank of the National Policy which was to promote immigration. He marketed Canada as the Last Best West.
Racist though, so he only wanted the white people, and the right white people. though he was influential in increasing immigration, the failures of homesteading was felt, and the emigration from canada left the population numbers at a net zero.

Question 9

Industrial Disputes Investigations Act

Answer 9

1907
Strikes illegal before and this meant striking because legal if an investigations was done. this was historically significant because it represented a (kind of) win the in the labor reform movement.

Question 10

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement

Answer 10

1873 US, 1874 Canada
Non denominational (but actually white protestant middle class, british) organizations that were interested in safeguarding home and family.
Focus was on the ills of alcohol.
As well as the getting the vote, as suffragists,
Maternal feminism, the moral good of women.

Question 11

Nellie McClung

Answer 11

Active in the first 1/4 of the 20th century
Leader in the WCTRU
Formed the Political Equity League.
Key figure in suffrage. Used theatre and humour as a strategy for the cause.
Also a promotor of sterilization of Eugenics movement that advocated for the sterilization of young simple minded girls.
historically significant because she was a mover and shakers in finally getting the women the vote, which recognized them as citizens able to make up their own minds. But also for he reproductive rights of many girls.

Question 12

Winnipeg General Strike

Answer 12

1919 May-June
30,000 pinniped labourers including other sympathy strikes elsewhere in Canada, like Calgary.
Due to shrinkage and inflation.
21 June 19, body Sunday, Power and force exerted by RCMP,
bolstered by red fear from eh Bolshevik revolution.
Meaningful step in Labour reform. People need to be treated better, safety needed to considered etc.

Question 13

Regina Riot

Answer 13

1935
A Riot that took place in Regina by labourers in work camps during the depressions. They were working for pittances. Men out of work, during the depressions.
Boarded trains illegally in order to protest and ride the rails to Ottawa to protest. But in Regina ended in a violent supression.

Question 14

John Maynard Keynes

Answer 14

1936
British Economist who wrote “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”
Argued that Good Government is a government that intervenes.
Fiscal and Monetary policy to keep a lid on the market. in response to the 1930s depressions.

Question 15

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation

Answer 15

1932
First political party to oppose cons.liberals.
Based on a new kind of state that cared for people, welfare state.
Led by Tommy Douglas (who Keifer Sutherland is related to BTW)
Mouseland, the idea that the state as it stands cares only about government and capitalists (cats) and doesn’t care about the needs about the people and labourers (mice).
Legacy is that it pushed the Libs and Cons. to all move left, which eventually led to social programs like
Family Allowance 1944
OAPension 1951
Unemployment Insurance 1956
Medi Care 1966

Question 16

Liberal Internationalism

Answer 16

Post WWII/ Cold War era 1950s/60s
Idea that ‘free liberal’ countries should aid others and intervene in affairs.
Continuing a patriarchy
Canada had a role to play as the helpful fixer because it was seen as not having a colonial history (???)
Sent countries in to self govern and provide aid.
It hinged on the idea that the problem with these countries was underdevelopment (infrastructure, manufacturing) not that Colonial Powers had anything to do with their poor conditions, legacies, or power vacuum.

Question 17

Lionel Adolphe Groulx

Answer 17

1878-1967
Priest/Historian
Father of quebec Nationalism
Traditional, Catholic, Family, Parish, Agriculture, French
No capitalism, industry, english etc.
Best way to avoid the English was to hold tight to religion.
Followed by maurice Duplessis and others.

Question 18

Maurice Duplessis

Answer 18

1890-1959
Premier of QC Union National Party
Same as Groulx + instituted patronage system.
Responsible for Le Grand Noirceur, which was the great darkness which was a lot of corruption but also the instituationalizing of mentally unfit children who later died.

Question 19

Jean Lesage

Answer 19

1960
Leader of the Quiet Revolutions and the Project de Societe
Liberal who wanted people to people to be masters of their own house.
Secularization
Reproductive rights for women
Electoral reform,
time when QC caught up to the rest of Canada.
Became consumers, etc,

Question 20

James Bay Hydro Project & Quebec Northern Agreement

Answer 20

1971 & 1975
Hydroproject at James Bay that would send transimission lines down to major centres. Proposed project would do much harm to the landscape including putting mercury in the water, flood areas, change water timing, and cause harvesting patterns to change. IPs were not consulted at all.
Grand Council of the Crees formed and called on the Calder Case as precedent to claim the land as theirs.
Resulted in $225 M paid to IP over 20 years. Moved the dam, and hard reduction measures.
it also rolled back the indian act which had been inplace for almost a century, not IP nations could self govern and also be able to decide who was indian and who was not instead of the state telling them.

Question 21

Meech Lake Accord

Answer 21

1987
Failed attempt to patriate the constitution.
Although QC had finally ratified it (finally), but MB MLA Elijah Harper famously did not. (it needed to be approved by all the provinces within three years). He said that IP people were neither consulted nor represented in the constitution, so he rejected it.

Question 22

Charlottetown Accord

Answer 22

1992
Referendum held to repatriate the constitutions.
this time it didn’t pass because there were too many people voting on it. some people disagreed with the whole thing, with part of it, or were just too tired of everything all together.
canadians had grown weary especially since the economy was in a recession, and no one cared about anything but the economy in the 90s.

Question 23

The Calder Case

Answer 23

1973
TSN turning point for Aboriginal people.
Nisga’a Nash Valley nations people
extortion encroachment.
supreme court ruling that 6/7 judges said that the land was theirs (3) or that it belonged to the Nisga’a nation at some time. This ruling validated that Indigenous people occupied lands in times that predated colonial settlers and the expansion of the canadian state.
this would have bearing on others. james bay QNA.

Question 24

Neoliberalism

Answer 24

late 20th
margaret thatcher
a good government doesn’t intervene
people aren’t citizens as much as they are consumers, that is they are participants in the market.
free market is better
brought way to trade agreement, free trade, etc.
privatization was good, de regulation was good etc.