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psyc210 > history > Flashcards

history Flashcards

0
Q

The enlightenment if the age of:

A

Reason

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1
Q

What is the central idea of enlightenment:

A

Embraced the belief that unbiased reason or objective methods can govern the universe and give a better life for humankind

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2
Q

Define romanticism:

A

Philosophy that stressed the uniqueness of each person and values irrationality

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3
Q

What are the things romanticism valued for:

A

Irrational impulses like Human emotions, intuitions and instincts

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4
Q

What is the good life according to romanticism:

A

One lived honestly in accordance with one’s inner nature

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5
Q

Rousseau is called:

A

Father of romanticism

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6
Q

What is the only justifiable government according to Rousseau:

A

Literal democracy; Allow humans to reach their full potentiometer and to fully express their free will

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7
Q

What Rousseau think of human nature:

A

By default, human nature is good

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8
Q

What is noble savage:

A

A human not contaminated by society: the behaviors will be governed by feelings but not become selfish

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9
Q

What Rousseau think about human as in social:

A

Humans were social animals who wished to live in harmony with others

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10
Q

Define general will:

A

Community spirit; the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one’s fellow humans and beneficial to the community

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11
Q

What Rousseau think of education should be:

A

should take advantage of natural impulses rather than distort them; not pouring information into students in a highly structured school

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12
Q

What is the best form of education according to Rousseau:

A

Allow impulses to become actualized

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13
Q

What is the main idea of Goethe’s theory:

A

Life consists of opposing forces like love and hate

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14
Q

What is Goethe’s attitude toward irrational forces:

A

Should be embrace them rather than deny or overcome them; we should express the instincts

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15
Q

What is Goethe’s theory of color vision:

A

Sensory experiences could be objectively studied by introspection

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16
Q

What is about phenomenology:

A

Insistence of studying whole, meaningful experiences

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17
Q

What are the influences of Goethe:

A

He had significant influence on the entire GerMan culture, and he also influenced Freud

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18
Q

What is Schopenhauer’s attitude toward women:

A

Particularly harsh

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19
Q

Where did the basis of Schopenhauer’s theory come from:

A

Kant’s philosophy: noumenal world and phenomenal world

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20
Q

What is noumenal world:

A

Things in themselves; the will

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21
Q

What is phenomenal world:

A

Consciousenss

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22
Q

The central of romanticism and existentialism:

A

Notion of authenticity

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23
Q

will to survive

A

The powerful need to perpetuate one’s life by satisfying one’s biological needs

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24
Q

What is will:

A

Blind and aimless forces that cannot be known

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25
Q

Will to survive will cause:

A

Unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction

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26
Q

What account for most human behavior according to Schopenhauer:

A

The drive toward self-preservation

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27
Q

Schopenhauer believed that behaviors are:

A

Irrational and unconscious

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28
Q

The reason why intelligent beings suffer the most according to Schopenhauer:

A

Suffering varies with awareness and intelligent can detect more irrational urges within us

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29
Q

Two advantages of being solitude for intelligent:

A

1 be alone with his own thought

2 prevent needing to deal with intellectually inferior people and constitute the vast majority

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30
Q

What is life-and-death struggle:

A

The postponement of death; most people cling to life because they fear death but not seek pleasure

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31
Q

The cause of everything which we cannot deny according to Schopenhauer:

A

Will; irrational force

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32
Q

The essence of human existence:

A

Relationship between noumenal and phenomenal worlds

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33
Q

Schopenhauer thought that irrational force or instance should be:

A

Repressed or sublimated

34
Q

What would happen when we try to recognize repressed ideas:

A

Resistance

35
Q

The two precursors of existentialism:

A

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche

36
Q

Define existentialism:

A

Examine the meaning in life, stresses the freedom if choice and the uniqueness of each individual

37
Q

The most valid guide for behaviors according to Existentialism:

A

Personal experience and feelings

38
Q

The goal of existentialism:

A

Move from knowledge to something basic that can make practical applications to human

39
Q

The father of existentialism:

A

Kierkegaard

40
Q

What should we do if we want to become self-actualized:

A

Separate ourselves from group mentality

41
Q

What characterize the authenticity:

A

Despair and anxiety

42
Q

Why Kierkegaard reject science and religion:

A

Think science and religion as too mechanistic and prevent us from viewing Humans are emotional and choosing beings

43
Q

The ultimate state of being according to Kierkegaard:

A

When individual decides to embrace God and take God’s existence on faith without needing a logical or rational explanation of decision making

44
Q

What Kierkegaard think of truth:

A

Truth is subjectivity which cannot be taught by logical argument; truth should be experienced

45
Q

The paradox is between:

A

Human understanding and ultimate truth

46
Q

The greatest paradox:

A

God; we know god exists, but we cannot comprehend him

47
Q

The only way to solve paradox according to Kierkegaard:

A

Faith in eternal truth

48
Q

How Kierkegaard see the relationship with god:

A

A love affair

49
Q

Who think god is dead:

A

Nietzsche

51
Q

Three stages on life way to approximate full personal freedom:

A

1 aesthetic stage: open to experience but not recognize their ability choose
2 ethical stage: accept the responsibility of making choices but use as thee guide ethical principles that established by others
3 religion stage: recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with god and by one’s self-awareness

52
Q

The heart of Nietzsche’s psychology:

A

The tension between Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies

53
Q

Apollonian aspect of human nature:

A

The rational side; our desire for tranquility, predictability and orderliness

54
Q

What sublimation can explain:

A

Works of art and other cultural achievements; also the content if dreams

56
Q

Dionysian aspect of human nature

Barbarian

A

Our irrational side; our attraction to creative chaos and to passionate, dynamic experience

57
Q

What will the best life reflect:

A

Controlled passion

58
Q

Who state Apollonian and Dionysian:

A

Nietzsche

59
Q

The work involved in becoming authenticity:

A

We must channel instincts into creative works; similar to Freud’s sublimation

61
Q

The shared goal between Freud and Nietzsche psychology:

A

Helping individuals gain control of their irrational impulses

62
Q

The difference between Freud and Nietzsche:

A

Freud accepted determinism but N did not

63
Q

Why Nietzsche believe that god is dead:

A

Philosopher and scientists if his day had killed the god

64
Q

What is perspectivism state:

A

There is no abstract truth to be discovered; there are only individual perspectives

65
Q

Nietzsche opposed who’s work:

A

Plato’s distinction between real and apparent worlds; Christian morality and dualism

66
Q

Define will to power:

A

The basic human motive to become stronger, more complete and more superior to reach full potential

67
Q

Who state the will to power:

A

Nietzsche

68
Q

Where should human gain knowledge according to Nietzsche:

A

From themselves/ inside

69
Q

What Nietzsche think of irrational human instincts:

A

They should be expressed and rationality would suppress the will to power

70
Q

Who state Nobel savage:

A

Rousseau

71
Q

What should be done if Dionysian impulses want to sin expression:

A

Be sublimated by Apollonian rationality

72
Q

Who state superman or overman:

A

Nietzsche

73
Q

Who thinks that truth is subjectivity:

A

Kierkegaard

74
Q

Define superman:

A

People who approaching their full potential and believe in free will; they are intensely individualistic and choose values independently

75
Q

When can the will the power be fully satisfied:

A

When all the instincts are satisfied

76
Q

How Can a superman exercise his will to power:

A

Express all thoughts including negative impulses which Nietzsche believes that we should learn from

77
Q

Where are meaning and morality of one’s life come from:

A

With oneself

78
Q

The primary cause of human’s mental anguish:

A

Repressive civilization

79
Q

The differences between superman and non-superman:

A

Passion
Courage
Insight

80
Q

Who state the will to survive:

A

Schopenhauer

81
Q

Differences between Nietzsche and Schopenhauer:

A

N thinks the instinct should be expressed but Schopenhauer thinks instance should be repressed

82
Q

Who state General will:

A

Rousseau

83
Q

Who state the three stages of a life way:

A

Kierkegaard

84
Q

Who state a their of color vision:

A

Goethe

85
Q

Why Nietzsche think that will to power is not only self-preservation:

A

Human attempt to become more than they are and lead to self-mastery

psyc210 (1 decks)

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