history Flashcards
The enlightenment if the age of:
Reason
What is the central idea of enlightenment:
Embraced the belief that unbiased reason or objective methods can govern the universe and give a better life for humankind
Define romanticism:
Philosophy that stressed the uniqueness of each person and values irrationality
What are the things romanticism valued for:
Irrational impulses like Human emotions, intuitions and instincts
What is the good life according to romanticism:
One lived honestly in accordance with one’s inner nature
Rousseau is called:
Father of romanticism
What is the only justifiable government according to Rousseau:
Literal democracy; Allow humans to reach their full potentiometer and to fully express their free will
What Rousseau think of human nature:
By default, human nature is good
What is noble savage:
A human not contaminated by society: the behaviors will be governed by feelings but not become selfish
What Rousseau think about human as in social:
Humans were social animals who wished to live in harmony with others
Define general will:
Community spirit; the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one’s fellow humans and beneficial to the community
What Rousseau think of education should be:
should take advantage of natural impulses rather than distort them; not pouring information into students in a highly structured school
What is the best form of education according to Rousseau:
Allow impulses to become actualized
What is the main idea of Goethe’s theory:
Life consists of opposing forces like love and hate
What is Goethe’s attitude toward irrational forces:
Should be embrace them rather than deny or overcome them; we should express the instincts
What is Goethe’s theory of color vision:
Sensory experiences could be objectively studied by introspection
What is about phenomenology:
Insistence of studying whole, meaningful experiences
What are the influences of Goethe:
He had significant influence on the entire GerMan culture, and he also influenced Freud
What is Schopenhauer’s attitude toward women:
Particularly harsh
Where did the basis of Schopenhauer’s theory come from:
Kant’s philosophy: noumenal world and phenomenal world
What is noumenal world:
Things in themselves; the will
What is phenomenal world:
Consciousenss
The central of romanticism and existentialism:
Notion of authenticity
will to survive
The powerful need to perpetuate one’s life by satisfying one’s biological needs
What is will:
Blind and aimless forces that cannot be known
Will to survive will cause:
Unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction
What account for most human behavior according to Schopenhauer:
The drive toward self-preservation
Schopenhauer believed that behaviors are:
Irrational and unconscious
The reason why intelligent beings suffer the most according to Schopenhauer:
Suffering varies with awareness and intelligent can detect more irrational urges within us
Two advantages of being solitude for intelligent:
1 be alone with his own thought
2 prevent needing to deal with intellectually inferior people and constitute the vast majority
What is life-and-death struggle:
The postponement of death; most people cling to life because they fear death but not seek pleasure
The cause of everything which we cannot deny according to Schopenhauer:
Will; irrational force
The essence of human existence:
Relationship between noumenal and phenomenal worlds
Schopenhauer thought that irrational force or instance should be:
Repressed or sublimated
What would happen when we try to recognize repressed ideas:
Resistance
The two precursors of existentialism:
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche
Define existentialism:
Examine the meaning in life, stresses the freedom if choice and the uniqueness of each individual
The most valid guide for behaviors according to Existentialism:
Personal experience and feelings
The goal of existentialism:
Move from knowledge to something basic that can make practical applications to human
The father of existentialism:
Kierkegaard
What should we do if we want to become self-actualized:
Separate ourselves from group mentality
What characterize the authenticity:
Despair and anxiety
Why Kierkegaard reject science and religion:
Think science and religion as too mechanistic and prevent us from viewing Humans are emotional and choosing beings
The ultimate state of being according to Kierkegaard:
When individual decides to embrace God and take God’s existence on faith without needing a logical or rational explanation of decision making
What Kierkegaard think of truth:
Truth is subjectivity which cannot be taught by logical argument; truth should be experienced
The paradox is between:
Human understanding and ultimate truth
The greatest paradox:
God; we know god exists, but we cannot comprehend him
The only way to solve paradox according to Kierkegaard:
Faith in eternal truth
How Kierkegaard see the relationship with god:
A love affair
Who think god is dead:
Nietzsche
Three stages on life way to approximate full personal freedom:
1 aesthetic stage: open to experience but not recognize their ability choose
2 ethical stage: accept the responsibility of making choices but use as thee guide ethical principles that established by others
3 religion stage: recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with god and by one’s self-awareness
The heart of Nietzsche’s psychology:
The tension between Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies
Apollonian aspect of human nature:
The rational side; our desire for tranquility, predictability and orderliness
What sublimation can explain:
Works of art and other cultural achievements; also the content if dreams
Dionysian aspect of human nature
Barbarian
Our irrational side; our attraction to creative chaos and to passionate, dynamic experience
What will the best life reflect:
Controlled passion
Who state Apollonian and Dionysian:
Nietzsche
The work involved in becoming authenticity:
We must channel instincts into creative works; similar to Freud’s sublimation
The shared goal between Freud and Nietzsche psychology:
Helping individuals gain control of their irrational impulses
The difference between Freud and Nietzsche:
Freud accepted determinism but N did not
Why Nietzsche believe that god is dead:
Philosopher and scientists if his day had killed the god
What is perspectivism state:
There is no abstract truth to be discovered; there are only individual perspectives
Nietzsche opposed who’s work:
Plato’s distinction between real and apparent worlds; Christian morality and dualism
Define will to power:
The basic human motive to become stronger, more complete and more superior to reach full potential
Who state the will to power:
Nietzsche
Where should human gain knowledge according to Nietzsche:
From themselves/ inside
What Nietzsche think of irrational human instincts:
They should be expressed and rationality would suppress the will to power
Who state Nobel savage:
Rousseau
What should be done if Dionysian impulses want to sin expression:
Be sublimated by Apollonian rationality
Who state superman or overman:
Nietzsche
Who thinks that truth is subjectivity:
Kierkegaard
Define superman:
People who approaching their full potential and believe in free will; they are intensely individualistic and choose values independently
When can the will the power be fully satisfied:
When all the instincts are satisfied
How Can a superman exercise his will to power:
Express all thoughts including negative impulses which Nietzsche believes that we should learn from
Where are meaning and morality of one’s life come from:
With oneself
The primary cause of human’s mental anguish:
Repressive civilization
The differences between superman and non-superman:
Passion
Courage
Insight
Who state the will to survive:
Schopenhauer
Differences between Nietzsche and Schopenhauer:
N thinks the instinct should be expressed but Schopenhauer thinks instance should be repressed
Who state General will:
Rousseau
Who state the three stages of a life way:
Kierkegaard
Who state a their of color vision:
Goethe
Why Nietzsche think that will to power is not only self-preservation:
Human attempt to become more than they are and lead to self-mastery
