History Flashcards
Show the natural and human made surface features of the earth, including mountain elevations, roads, state lines , etc.
Topographic maps
Created from Ariel and field surveys;serve as a starting point for topographic and thematic maps
Base maps
Use a base or topographic map for showing data based on theme, such as population, wildlife, economic trends, etc.
Thematic maps
Time is linked to…..
Longitude
A complete rotation of the earth
360 degrees of longitude; occurs every 24 hours
Prime meridian
Zero point; Greenwich, England
Time zones
24 time zones at 15 degrees each
International date line
180/360 meridian - where each day begins and ends
Art and science of mapmaking
Cartography
Earliest local area maps
Drawn by Egyptians as early as 1300 BC
Greek maps
Maps of the known world in the 6th century BC
Cartography grew into
Geography
Steps to modern mapmaking
1) survey (Ariel photos and field surveys)
2) compile information from collected data and produce map
Features of geographic location
1) physical location
2) Cultural features
3) religion
4) languages
Formed from millions of tiny, tube shaped polyps, an animal life form incased in tough limestone skeletons
Coral reefs
3 types of coral reefs
1) fringing reefs
2) barrier reefs
3) atolls
Formed by the movement of geologic plates which collide and push up the earths crust to form these
Mountains - process is called orogeny
Environmental adaptations
People adapt to environmental conditions (digging wells where surface water is unavailable, etc.)
Maximum, sustained level of use an environment can handle without deterioration that would lead to environmental destruction
Carrying capacity
What can extend an areas carrying capacity?
Energy and water conservation; recycling
3 different points of view that can be used to study history
1) space
2) environment
3) chronology
Spatial organization in geography
How things or people are grouped in a given space anywhere on earth
5 themes of geography
1) location
2) place
3) human- environmental interaction
4) movement
5) regions
Study of landforms
Geomorphology
Oceans cover how much earth.
Cover 71 percent of earth
5 major oceans
Pacific ( largest and deepest), Atlantic, Indian, arctic, southern
Smaller than oceans somewhat surrounded by land like a lake, but are salt water
Seas
Bodies of water in a depression on the earths surface
Lake
Channeled flow of water that start out as a spring or stream formed by runoff or snow.
Rivers
Rivers flow
Higher to lower ground
Artificial waterways constructed by humans to connect 2 larger bodies of water
Canals
Elevated landforms that rise fairly steeply from the earths surface to a summit (1000-2000 ft above sea level)
Mountains
Elevated landforms that raise 500-2000 ft above sea level
Hills
Low series of hills found between a plain and a mountain range
Foothills
Long depression located between hills or mountains. These are usually a product of erosion
Valleys
Elevated landforms that are fairly flat on top ( as high as 10,000 ft above sea level)
Plateaus
Flat areas of upland
Mesas
Extensive areas of low lying flat land; usually lower than landforms around them
Plains
Large dry Areas that relieve less than 10 inches of rain per year
Deserts
Accumulations of silt deposited at river mouths into the seabed
Deltas
Come in various types; may be low areas that catch water from rivers, etc.
Basins
Marshes and swamps are both
Lowlands
Have no trees and are always wet
Marshes
Have trees and try periods
Swamps
Many plants and animals, few humans and crops due to harsh climates
Taiga and tundra
Colder winters and hotter summers than tundra; forest
Taiga
Frozen ground; Marshy plain in an area that has a very cold climate but little snow
Tundra
Worlds largest forest region
Taiga
4 seasons; cold winter, hot summer, sufficient rainfall for crops
Humid continental climate
Dry flatlands (prairies that receive 10-20 inches of rain per year). These dry flatlands can be grasslands or deserts
Prairie climate/steppe region
Humid, tropical areas; moisture carried by wind traveling over warm ocean currents produces long summers and mild winters
Subtropical climate
Near or surrounded by water. Warm winds bring moisture and warm temps all year, and plentiful rain
Marine climate
Study of climate, water, and land and their relationships with each other and humans
Physical geography
Study of the influence of the environment on human behaviors as well as the effect of human activities on the environment
Cultural geography
Things provided by nature that have commercial value to humans ( minerals, timber, fish,etc. )
Natural resources
Can be replenished ( wind, water, solar energy, etc.)
Renewable resources
Can replenish themselves if they are not over harvested
Lifting resources
Cannot be replenished, although some can be recycled (fossil fuels, etc.)
Non renewable resources
Natural resources that have to be extracted rather than created
Commodities
The only accurate representation of the earths size, shape, distance, and direction
Globe
3 types of map projections
Conical
Cylindrical
Azimuthal - plane
Highest point in world
Mt. Everest
Lowest point in world
Dead Sea
Largest sea
Coral
Largest lake
Caspian Sea
Longest river
Nile
These ancient civilizations are characterized by their unique contributions to the development of world civilizations
Sumer, Egypt, Indus Valley
First known writing system
Sumer
Settled villages, national religion, central government, libraries, and writing
Egypt
Culture of luxury, no known national government, advanced civic system, prosperous trade routes
Indus Valley
Alexander the Great
Formed Greece by uniting city- state groups
Had the worlds longest lasting and continuous empire (since 221 BC); written record of culture
China
Middle Ages/ medieval times
500-1500 AD Catholicism Knights Universities Crusades Black Plague
Crusades
Christians and Muslims over holy lands
Began as an attempt to reform Catholic Church and fix corruption but led to separation from it (early 1500s)
Protestant reformation
Renewal of interest in Ancient Greek and Latin art, literature, and philosophy (14th-16th centuries); time of scientific inquiry, geographical exploration, rise of secular values
Renaissance
Important renaissance people
Petrarch De Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Erasmus Shakespeare
Started in England with cotton mill in 1733. Other inventions followed rapidly. Led to urbanization, pollution, crowded population, labor laws
Industrial revolution
French exploration contributors
Verrazano
Champlain
Cartier
De la sale
Claimed and explored huge portions of US after Christopher Columbus (country and names)
Spanish Ponce de Leon Pineda Narvaez De vaca Coronado De soto
1585 Raleigh sent Barlow to mainland and named it
Virginia
Established in Virginia in 1619 - first legislative assembly in American colonies
House of burgesses
During the colonization of Virginia…
Local government grew strong and tobacco created wealth
Sent 24 Puritan families (pilgrims) to Virginia on the mayflower
The virginia company
Instead of landing on Virginia, in 1620 the mayflower landed at
Plymouth, Massachusetts
First thanksgiving occurred; survived with help of natives
Plymouth plantation
1649, puritans arrived in Salem, which….
Became an important port and made famous by witch trials
Established by lord Baltimore in 1632 in hopes of providing refuge for English Catholics
Maryland
Indians sold most of the Massachusetts land to English….and ______________ was organized
Self- governed Massachusetts bay company
Williams banished from Massachusetts because he called for __________. He established _________.
Separation of church and state; Rhode Island colony
Penn received a royal charter for establishing Pennsylvania as a…..
Colony for Quakers, allowed immigrants from mixed denominations to join
English colonies rebelled against England. This was called
The American revolution
Reasons for American revolution
- England was controlling
- Treated as inferiors when Americans fought for British
- heavy taxation (sugar and stamp acts)
- restrictions on trade
- wanted to govern selves - already had functioning government
- fear of British blocking westward expansion
Event leading to American Revolution - boston massacre
1770 soldiers fired on crowd and killed 5 people
Event leading to American revolution - boston tea party
1773, sons of liberty dumped tea into Boston harbor to protest tea tax. British responded harshly which aggravated the situation more
1775 British soldiers on a mission to take military supplies met up with minutemen in Lexington, Massachusetts. A shot was fired. Americans were outnumbered and forced to retreat. Americans succeeded in concord. Pushed British to Boston and the siege of Boston began.
Event leading to American revolution - shot heard around the world
Original 13 colonies
Connecticut, Delaware,Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia
First state to ratify constitution
Delaware
Established the continental army and chose George Washington as commanding general. They allowed printing of money and created government offices - turning point of revolution
Second continental congree
Organized boycotts against Britain
First continental congress
Published in 1776by Thomas Paine; the pamphlet called for independence and was widely distributed
“Common sense”
Written by Thomas Jefferson, signed on July 4, 1776 by the continental congress
Declaration of Independence
Benjamin Franklin negotiated an agreement sigh France to fight with Americans
Alliance with France -1778
Signaled the official end of the war, granted independence to the colonies, and gave generous territorial rights
Treaty of Paris
Designed to protect states rights over those of national government and sent to the colonies for ratification in 1777
Articles of confederation
Articles of the confederation had 2 problems
1 no centralized government
2 no centralized power to tax or regulate trade
Since there was no national tax, the revolution was financed by printing more and more money which led to
Inflation
Created three branches of government with checks and balances and created bicameral legislation (equal representation for states)
New constitution - added in 1791
anti federal it’s opposed new constitution. Requested this to protect citizens from government and was added to the constitution in 1791
Bill of rights
Thomas Jeffersons greatest achievement as president. Reasons for purchase were to gain New Orleans port, remove French threat of trade interference in Mississippi River, double territory of US
Louisiana purchase
Jefferson sent __________ to map new Louisiana territory and find a passage to the pacific. Their expedition led to western migration
Lewis and Clark
War between France and Britain that caused blockades that hurt American trade and soused British to attack American ships. British burned White House.
War of 1812
Benefit of war of 1812
Americans became more self sufficient due to increased manufacturing and fewer imports
Made by president James Monroe in 1823, foreign policy that warned european powers to cease colonization of central and South America. In return America would leave Europe political affairs alone
Monroe doctrine
Gave guidelines to keep slave states and moms slave states balanced
Missouri compromise - 1820
Considered beginning of modern political party system and Democratic Party
Jackson’s election
Removed natives from areas that whites wanted to settle (including trail of tears)
Indian removal act of 1830
States that left union to form a confederation
SC, NC, VA, FA, Mississippi, AL, LA, TX, TN
Presidential election triggered secession of south
Abraham Lincoln
Grant received Lees surrender at the _______ in 1865 . Union had won the civil war.
Appomattox court house
1865-1877
South was under strict control of US government.
State government reconstruction.
13, 14, and 15th amendments
Reconstruction period
Declared slavery illegal
13 amendment
Made all born in US citizens
14th amendment
Made it illegal to deny right to vote based on race
15th amendment
Reconstruction led to industrialization for example….
New inventions
Railroad expansion
Gold and silver mining
Cattle ranching
Time period from 1890s to 1920s - when progressive, reform minded political leaders wanted to export a rational social order to the rest of the world while increasing trade wig foreign markets. Led to Spanish-American war.
Progressive movement
Reason America joined world war 1 in 1915
British ship was torpedoed by the Germans. Many Americans were killed. Germans tried to make Japan and Mexico attack America.
Reason for America entering world war 2
1941 japan bombed Pearl Harbor. Defeated hitler then Japan.
World war 1 led to…
Decade of optimism and Great Depression.rich got richer and everyone was optimistic until stock market crash and economy spiraled downward
World war 2 led to…
Increased manufacturing of goods for war efforts. The production led to ending the Great Depression
