history 201 Flashcards
John C. Calhoun
Vice President under Andrew JAckson
Until Petticoat war was a strong nationalist
Joined forces with Clay to condemn Jackson’s removal of funds from BUS(Bank of the United States)
Worked on the COmpromise of 1850 but died before it got passed
Last speech was read by another as he was too weak to read it himself
Henry clay
Never was president-ran for president but lost
“The great compromiser”
Was speaker of the house
Was a War Hawk
Founder of the “American Systems”
Became Secretary of State
Was in the Senate
Worked closely with Calhoun
California gold rush
James Marshall discovered gold flakes in the millrace
Discovery of was supposed to stay a secret
Thousand of americans rushed to California in hopes of “striking it rich”
Few people who looked for gold actually “struck it rich”, or even found any gold
Most of the profit was made by those who provided services to the miners
Levi Strauss a German Jewish immigrant sold so many tough work pants to miners that
his name became synonymous with his product(Levi Jeans)
war of 1812
Second war for independence
Caused mainly by Embargo act of 1807 and the Orders in council
America won
One of the “worst fought wars in American History” to quote Mr.Shinn
U.S was not prepared for the war
Army and State militia was was poorly trained and undisciplined
Louisiana purchase
Purchased under Jefferson Presidency
Monroe and Livingston negotiated the purchase from Napoleonic France
Roughly $15 million for the whole territory
Original goal was to acquire the florida’s and New Orleans
Changed government
Doubled american land mass
Thomas jefferson
Initiated the Louisiana Purchase
Wrote a large part of the declaration of independence
Was a Jeffersonian Democrat(duh) and a strict constructionist
Sent Lewis and Clark on the Lewis and Clark expedition
Bolstered US claim to Oregon territory and the PAcific Northwest
Was an extremely popular president
Talked Congress into passing the embargo act of 1807
harper’s ferry
Invade south secretly with 21 men, 5 blacks, including dangerfield Newby
Brown hoped to rescue his wife who was still a slave, and 16 whites, 2 of whom were
brown’s sons
Led by John Brown
Seized the federal arsenal and killed 7 men and injured 10 or so more in the process
Hoped to lead a slave revolution, but slaves unknowing of his caused failed to rise up
Killed for his actions and treated as a martyr
monroe doctrine
Goal was non-colonization and non-intervention
response to European autocrats rumored to have banded together to reassert colonization of the Western hemisphere and crush democratic revolutions in Latin America
First aimed at Russia and its claims to land as far south as San Francisco
Angered European monarchs but not enough to actually do anything
Current land claim would be acknowledged but no new claims would be
Not much significance at the time
king cotton
Eli Whitney
Invented cotton gin which made the production of cotton easier
Invention dramatically tied slavery to the south
Widely adopted by 1850
Became basis for mass and assembly line production
popular sovereignty
Had the appeal of tradition democratic ideal of self-determination
Supported by Lewis Cass
stated that the sovereign people of a territory should themselves determine the status of slavery
Status of slavery to all new states was up to popular sovereignty
Only way to use popular sovereignty in the territories would be to repeal the Missouri Compromise.
Under abbourhant conditions popular sovereignty was a horror in Kansas
five civilized tribes
Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks and Seminoles
Forced to give up there land and more territory
Ended Cherokees were forced to migrate down the Trail of Tears
Began with the defeat of the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend
Killing/confinement/removal of native americans was pushed by White expansion
Missouri compromise
36,30’ line of the compromise alfuture bongage prohibited past the line
No more slaves could be brought into Missouri
Caused huge uproar of southern states
Lasted 34 years
Compromise had to be repealed for popular sovereignty to work
Dred Scott decision declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional
trail of tears
Forced migration of Cherokee Indians
Moved to Oklahoma where they were supposed to be free from white encroachment
Government decrees did not work and were broken
Caused further tensions between native americans and whites
Lead to Black Hawk war
Very costly for AMerican government
Oregon trail
Hundreds travel to oregon, many lives lost in the process
Average rate of progression for covered wagon was 1-2 mph
Estimated 17 deaths per mile for men, women, and children
Removed Britain’s reasonable claim to the territory
Caused by “Oregon Fever”
By 1846-5,000+ Americans settled south of the COlumbia river
lewis and Clark expedition
Lead by Meriwhether Lewis and William CLark
Bolstered U.S claim to Oregon and parts of the Pacific Northwest
Further opened west to Native American trade and exploration
Pushed for westward expansion and settling by whites
Caused even more strained relations with native americans
Explored headwaters of the Mississippi River and ventured into Colorado and New Mexico
underground railroad
As many as 1,000 slaves (out of 4 million) a year by 1850 escaped to areas such as Canada with the assistance of the Underground Railroad
“Passage” for slaves to run away
formal chain of ‘stations’-antislavery homes-through which the ‘passengers’, runaway slaves-were guided by ‘conductors’-black and white abolitionists-from the slave states to places free from persecution such as Canada
Harriet Tubman, John Brown, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sojourner Truth, William Still
WIlliam Still, “Father of the Underground Railroad” and coined the name of the Underground Railroad
Ohio was center of underground railroad activity
treaty of guadalupe
Confirmed US title to Texas and area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean and included California.
Ended the Mexican American war
Merica paid mexico $15 million for the land and assumed the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000.
$10 million purchase of parts of present-day New Mexico and Arizona
Approved by Senate
Sent to D.C in 1848
dred scott
him and his wife harriet were attempting to sue for their freedom
Ruled as a black slave and not a citizen, so he could not sue in court
Justification came from the 5th amendment, forbidding congress of depriving a person of their property without due process of law
Went to congress suing for his rights
Ruling went as far to say that the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional all along
Justification came from 5th amendment
James k. polk
Speaker of the house for 2 years, governor of tennessee for two terms and was sponsored by jackson
Acquired california
Restored the independent treasury
Lowered tariff by dropping rate from 32 to 25 and still having a strong revenue
President from 1845-1849
tecumseh
A shawnee chief
Formed an alliance with Britain and got weapons from them.
formed a confederacy with other chiefs
Fought with the british in war of 1812
Killed in the war of 1812
Kansas Nebraska act
Proposal called for the organization of the Territory of Nebraska into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska.
Slavery status would be decided via popular sovereignty
Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas
Met formidable resistance as it went against the missouri compromise
directly lead to the Civil War by eliminating all future possible compromise
John Quincy adams
Ran for presedent in 1824
President from 1825-1829
Henry Clay pushed for Adams to be elected president
Very successful secretary of state-less successful president
Refused to recognize the surge toward states’ rights and sectionalism
Land policy upset Westerneers
slavery
American slavery was african american’s being lifelong “servants”
Slaves were severly mistreated
Slavery produced the underground railroad, which was used to help slaves escape
Slavery
Cotton production heavily played into and tied slavery to southern economics
King Cotton caused dependence on slavery
Slaves did not live very long as they were often sick, underfeed, overworked, and lived in horrendous conditions
uncle tom’s cabin
Published in 1852
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Goal was to awaken the North to the wickedness of slavery and the cruelty of splitting up families
Used powerful imagery and touching pathos to reveal her message
story weaves accounts and information that Stowe had received from abolitionists and runaway slaves.
Very politically powerful book
manifest destiny
Was coined John Louis O’Sullivan
An idea that americans were called by God to move west and conquer america
The idea was a joining of land greed and ideals.
summed up the powerful combination of pride in what America had achieved and missionary zeal and racist attitudes toward other peoples that lay behind the thinking of many expansionists.
People believed they had right to land from “Atlantic to Pacific”
average farmer moved west for land hunger, national pride, plain and simple curiosity, and a sense of adventure
