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Multi-Subject CST > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

Byzantine Empire

300 – 700 A.D.

A
    • centered in Greece, Turkey and Russia
    • emerged after the ‘fall’ of the Roman Empire
    • Constantinople (major city)
    • ‘new’ Eastern Roman (Christian) Empire
    • rise of Islam; spread of Christianity
    • emperors (Justinian)
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2
Q

Islamic Empire

600 – 1300 A.D.

A
    • began in Arabia & spread to much of the civilized world (Europe, Asia, Mediterranean)
    • Allah, Mohammed, Koran
    • Mecca and Medina
    • Kaba stone
    • sultans (Saladin)
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3
Q

Medieval Period
(Middle Ages / Dark Ages)
(500 – 1500 A.D.)

A
    • based in Europe
    • rise of Catholic Church & power of the papistry / Vatican
    • Christian saints (Francis of Assisi)
    • Christian theologians (Thomas Aquinas)
    • Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire
    • proliferation of large cities
    • knightly code of chivalry (King Arthur)
    • feudal society; serfdom
    • prevailing superstition & illiteracy
    • deadly plagues (‘Black Death’)
    • Norman Conquest of England in1066
    • Richard the Lion-Hearted (English king)
    • Joan of Arc (French heroine)
    • Magna Carta (early limits on King’s power in England)
    • Christian Crusades (against Muslims) in Holy Land
    • Inquisition (Christian torture of heretics)
    • 100 Years War between England & France
    • Dante (Divine Comedy)
    • Viking (Norse) explorations & invasions of Europe (Eric the Red)
    • Mongol invasions of Asia & Eastern Europe
    • Marco Polo (exploration of China)

Other Parts of the World

    • Aztec civilization in Mexico
    • Mongol invasions of Europe & Eastern Asia (Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan)
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4
Q

Renaissance

1500 – 1650 A.D.

A

– flourishing culture & intellectual life
– Italy and the Medici family
– major advances in the arts & sciences (Euclid)
– emergence of the middle class
– printing (Guttenberg Bible)
– humanism
– Black Death (bubonic plagues)
– dominance of Kings (Louis XIV of France)
– English Parliament (House of Lords & House of Commons)
– spread of Catholicism
– the Inquisition
– merchant elites (Medici family in Italy)
– political philosophy (Machiavelli’s The Prince)
– the Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther,
John Calvin, Henry VIII of England
– scientific revolution (Copernicus - Earth moves around the Sun; Galileo – gravity, telescope; Descartes – philosophic thought)
– painting and sculpture (Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt)
– age of European boat exploration (Columbus,
de Gama, Hudson, Magellan, Vespucci, Sir Francis Drake)
– Cervantes (Don Quixote); Shakespeare (Globe Theater)
– European colonialism (Dutch, French, Spanish, English, Portuguese)
– Spanish Armada (English sea victory)
– Spanish conquistadors (Cortez, Pizarro, de Soto)
– Ottoman Empire (spread of Islam)
– Joan of Arc (French defeat of England)
– Guttenberg – movable type; Bible printed

Other Parts of the World
– Inca civilization in Peru (Montezuma); Tenochtitlan)

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5
Q

Enlightenment

1650 – 1800 A.D.

A
    • democratic political philosophies (Locke, Rousseau’s ‘Social Contract’
    • skepticism about traditions (Voltaire’s Candide)
    • scientific breakthroughs in many fields
    • Newton (motion, gravitation)
    • Copernicus (Earth revolves around Sun)
    • Galileo (telescope, early physicist)
    • feudalism in Europe
    • Age of Global Exploration
    • American Revolution
    • French Revolution (Danton, Marat, Marie Antoinette, Robespierre); storming of Bastille
    • English Bill of Rights
    • divine right of kings vs. constitutionalism
    • Westernization of Russia (Peter the Great)
    • European colonial expansion (Asia, South America, North America, Central American, Caribbean)
    • continued European exploration (James Cook)
    • Napoleon conquers Europe and parts Mexico & Asia
    • Czarism in Russia takes hold
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6
Q

Industrial Era

1800 – 1915 A.D.

A
    • invention of the Steam Engine and emergence of the railroad
    • Industrial Revolution (introduction of mass production, rapid technological advances and the factory system)
    • technological advances (Edison, Faraday, McCormick)
    • extensive urbanization
    • exploitation of the working class
    • monopolies and Robber Barons
    • Napoleon Bonaparte (conquest of Europe)
    • Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations
    • textile factories
    • Ben Franklin – electricity
    • Eli Whitney (cotton gin); Adam Smith (laissez-faire economic system); Malthus (dangers of extreme population growth); Marx & Engels (Communist political philosophy); Charles Darwin (The Origin of Species, theory of evolution); John Stuart Mill (utilitarianism)
    • Louis Pasteur (medicine & nutrition)
    • Freud and the psychology of the unconscious
    • Von Bismarck (Germany)
    • Mormonism (Joseph Smith)
    • Mozart & Beethoven (music)
    • Suez Canal
    • Alexander Graham Bell (telephone)
    • Charles Darwin (evolution; Origin of Species)
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7
Q

Modern Period

1920 – present

A
    • Russian Revolution (Bolsheviks, Socialism, Lenin, Trotsky)
    • World War I (1914 -18); sinking of the Lusitania; Treaty of Versailles
    • rise of Hitler (Nazism) in Germany & Mussolini (Fascism) in Italy
    • World War II (1939-46), Holocaust (concentration camps); Stalin, Churchill, de Gaulle; Warsaw Pact; Marshall Plan (Post WW2 European recovery); Holocaust (concentration camps)
    • United Nations
    • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a mutual defense alliance formed after WW2 between the US and Europe to combat the global spread of anti-Western regimes)
    • European & American colonialism
    • Curies; radiation
    • Wright brothers – air flight
    • Charles Lindbergh – transatlantic flight)
    • Great Depression in America
    • Franklin Roosevelt
    • Einstein; theory of relativity (physics)
    • Henry Ford (Model T car; assembly line production)
    • modern warfare (weapons of mass destruction)
    • League of Nations, United Nations
    • the Iron Curtain & Cold War (atomic bomb); Khruschev
    • Korean War
    • Frank Lloyd Wright (architecture)
    • widespread electricity (Faraday)
    • globalization
    • Panama Canal
    • Picasso & Dali (abstract art)
    • détente with Communist East
    • emergence/development of Third World countries
    • atomic theory / nuclear weapons (Manhattan Project)
    • advanced technology and the Information Age
    • apartheid in South Africa (begins & ends)
    • Freud (psychology), Gandhi (anti-colonialism); Einstein (science)
    • Watson & Crick (genetics. DNA)
    • air & space travel (Neil Armstrong)
    • state terrorism
    • Iran; overthrow of Shah
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8
Q

Constitutional Government

A

governmental powers are defined in a written document

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9
Q

Democracy

A

representatives from an established electorate rule on behalf of citizens

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10
Q

Dictatorship

A

final authority is held by one person; no real sharing of power

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11
Q

Monarchy

A

power is held by one person (e.g., King, Queen) based on heredity or marriage; may have absolute or limited power

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12
Q

Oligarchy

A

led by a few equal leaders who have absolute power

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13
Q

Republic

A

combination of overall central authority and autonomy by individual geographic areas

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14
Q

Theocracy

A

led by one or more religious leaders

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15
Q

The Prehistoric Period

A

– Paleolithic Era (500,000 – 6,000 B.C.)
advanced hominids; precursors of modern humans (Neanderthal and Cro Magnon people); emergence of modern humans; primitive hunting & food gathering communities; crude stone tools; fire and language; artistic cave paintings

– Neolithic Era (6,000 B.C. – 1,500 B.C)
beginning of cooperative agriculture and domestication of animals; pottery & weaving, earliest year-round villages; advanced stone weapons and tools; use of metals (bronze, copper) for weapons & tools; sophisticated systems of irrigation

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16
Q

Mesopotamia

A

– centered in what is now known as Iraq
– between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
– “Cradle of Civilization” (Fertile Crescent)
– invention of alphabetic writing, wheel, calendar, astronomy
– advances in pottery, metallurgy & weaving
– Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires
– Sargon (1st large-scale empire); Hammurabi
(1st detailed law code)
– Copper Age (1st use of metal)

17
Q

Canaan / Palestine

A
    • development of ethical monotheism (Judaism)
    • Jerusalem
    • Abraham, Moses, kings David & Solomon, prophets (Judaism)
    • birth of Christianity (Jesus Christ)
    • Hebrew and Christian scriptures
    • Saint Paul (great Christian missionary & early Church leader)
18
Q

Egypt

A
    • the Nile river valley
    • Pharaoh as a living God (Tutankhamen, Ramses)
    • pyramids, the Sphinx, mummification
    • hieroglyphic writing, papyrus
    • controlled Mesopotamia for thousands of years
    • polytheism; many gods & goddesses (Isis, Osiris)
19
Q

India

A
    • Indus & Ganges river valleys
    • caste system
    • scriptures (Vedas)
    • Brahmanism, Hinduism, Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama)
    • many gods & goddesses (Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma)
20
Q

China

A
    • Ch’in and Han dynasties
    • Emperor as god-like
    • Taoism (inner-directed spirituality)
    • Confucius (stress on tradition, family, good government)
    • the Great Wall, uniform standards, invention of paper, gunpowder, high literacy rates
    • great Silk Road (trade)
21
Q

Africa

A
    • Olduvai Gorge (fossil remains of hominids)

- - tribal societies, music, dance, elaborate mythology, animism

22
Q

Greece

A
    • precursor Crete/Minoan (Greek islands) civilizations
    • Trojan War, Persian War, Peloponnesian War
    • city-states, Athens, Sparta, birth of democracy
    • monumental buildings (Acropolis), statues
    • beauty of the human form
    • polytheism (many gods and goddesses on Mt. Olympus: Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Apollo)
    • epic poetry (Homer - Iliad & Odyssey, Hesiod)
    • Trojan War, Peloponnesian War (Athens & Sparta)
    • Pericles (great military leader)
    • Acropolis
    • Olympic games
    • heroes (Achilles, Agamemnon, Orpheus)
    • drama (tragedy: Sophocles, Euripides, Aeschylus / comedy: Aristophanes)
    • Socrates (teacher of Plato, drank hemlock to commit suicide when put on trial for ‘blasphemy’ against the Gods
    • Plato (theory of Ideal Forms, The Republic about the ideal type of society)
    • Aristotle (helped establish the philosophical basis for psychology, aesthetics, government, ethics, the performing arts)
    • Hippocrates (medical science)
    • Solon (enlightened political leadership, democratic principles)
    • Alexander the Great and Macedonia (conquered and Hellenized much of the civilized world)
    • historians (Herodotus, Thucydides)
    • beginning of Iron Age (in Europe)
23
Q

Roman Empire

A

– Roman Republic came before it
– controlled the Mediterranean Sea areas and much of Europe (Britain, Gaul) and Asia
– many gods & goddesses (Poseidon, Jupiter, Juno)
– emperors Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar,
Marcus Aurelius
– Marc Antony (led plot to assassinate Julius Caesar and hooked up with Cleopatra in Egypt)
– epic poetry (Virgil – Aeneid, Ovid)
– took much of Greek religion, art, drama, politics etc.
– great civil and structural engineers (roads and aqueducts)
– made Christianity a state and world religion
– overtaken by internal corruption, military overextension & invading ‘barbarians’
– Plutarch, Livy (historians)
– Saint Augustine (early Christian theologian)
– Nicene Creed (Christianity: God & Jesus are of the same essence)
– philosophies (Stoicism, Epicurianism)

24
Q

Colonial Period

1600 – 1776

A

– Christopher Columbus (late 1400s)
– Henry Hudson
– Jamestown Va. (early English settlement)
– Puritans (Mayflower, Plymouth Rock)
– Continental Congress (pre-Revolutionary War)
– George Washington
– Revolutionary War (Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, ‘taxation without representation, Boston Massacre/Tea Party, Battles Lexington & Concord and Bunker Hill, Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold)
– Treaty of Paris (ends Revolutionary War)
– Federalists (Alexander Hamilton)
– Tories (British loyalists) & Whigs (patriots)
– Thomas Paine (Common Sense)
– Articles of Confederation (precursor to US Constitution; stressed states’ rights under a central US government)
– Declaration of Independence (all men created equal; right to life, liberty & pursuit of happiness; powers of government come from the consent of the governed)
– US Constitution (system of strong federal government powers & limitations; 3 branches – Executive (President), Legislative (Congress: Senate & House of Representatives), Judicial (Supreme Court); electoral college); checks and balances; electoral college
– Bill of Rights (add-on to US Constitution; first 10 amendments) 1 freedom of religion, press & assembly; 2 militia & right to bear arms; 4 protection against unreasonable search & seizure; 5 due process of law; 6 right to speedy & public trial; 8 protection against cruel & unusual punishment
– other Constitutional amendments, especially
13 abolition of slavery; 14 extension of citizenship & protection under the law; 15 right to vote regardless of race; 19 right to vote regardless of gender; 26 right to vote at age of eighteen

People

    • Francis Scott Key (National Anthem)
    • westward exploration (Daniel Boone)
    • Ben Franklin (statesman & inventor)
    • Cotton Mather (preacher)
    • Thomas Paine (Common Sense)
    • Eli Whitney (cotton gin)
    • Joshua Reynolds & Gilbert Stuart (artists)
25
Q

America 1800 - 1850

A
    • Monroe Doctrine (European non-interference)
    • Abolitionist movement (pre-Civil War; John Brown)
    • war with Mexico (Alamo)
    • Manifest Destiny (westward expansion)
    • War of 1812 (with England)
    • Erie Canal (Great Lakes)
    • Lewis & Clark expedition (westward exploration)
    • Louisiana Purchase
    • Oergon Trail (westward expansion)
    • Mormons (Joseph Smith)
    • California gold rush
    • Missouri Compromise (limits to slavery)

People
John Jacob Aster (merchant & land owner)
Davy Crockett (frontiersman)
James Fennimore Cooper (novelist)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (poet & essayist, Self-Reliance)
Robert Fulton (steam engine)
Nathaniel Hawthorne (author, The Scarlet Letter)
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (poet, Hiawatha)
Cyrus McCormick (reaping machine)
Herman Melville (author, Moby Dick)
Henry Thoreau (author, Civil Disobedience)

26
Q

America 1850 - 1900

A
    • Missouri Compromise (slavery allowed in new territories)
    • underground railroad (helping escaped slaves)
    • Civil War (Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation, Andersonville prison, Appomattox, Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, Union vs Confederacy, Monitor vs Merrimack)
    • Dred Scott decision (slavery allowed in new territories)
    • Reconstruction (post-Civil War Southern recovery)
    • purchase of Alaska (Seward’s Folly)
    • Theodore Roosevelt (‘Big Stick’ policy / imperialism. Open Door policy to encourage US trade profits, ‘Rough Riders’ in Cuba)
    • monopolies (John D. Rockefeller / Standard Oil Co.)
    • Spanish / American War
    • Labor movement (AFL / CIO)

People
Alexander Graham Bell (inventor of telephone)
Thomas Edison (electricity etc.)

Henry Bessemer (steel processing)
Andrew Carnegie (steel manufacturing)
Booker T. Washington (black education)
Stephen Crane (author, Red Badge of Courage)
James Fenimore Cooper (author, Last of the Mohicans)
T.S. Eliot (poet, The Waste Land)
Winslow Homer (artist)
Edgar Allan Poe (poet, short stories)
William James (author)
Samuel Morse (telegraph)
Edgar Allen Poe (author & poet, Annabel Lee, Fall of the House of Usher)
Harriet Beecher Stowe (author, Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
Mark Twain (author, Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer)
Walt Whitman (poet, Leaves of Grass)

27
Q

America 1900 - 1950

A
    • San Francisco earthquake
    • World War I vs. Germany (ended by Treaty of Versailles)
    • Franklin D. Roosevelt (New Deal – wide-ranging series of social and economic reforms & social welfare programs like CCC & WPA)
    • World War II vs. Germany, Italy, Japan (Battle of the Bulge, D Day, Gen. Patton, Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, Churchill, Pearl Harbor)
    • Marshall Plan (rebuilding Europe after WWII)
    • Great Depression
    • Henry Ford (assembly line, automation)
    • Labor movement (AFL / CIO)
    • Great Depression / Stock Market crash
    • Panama Canal
    • dust bowl (Okalahoma in 1920s/30s
    • trusts & monopolies (‘Robber Barons’)
    • Fair Deal (Harry Truman; response to economic problems)
    • New Deal (Franklin Roosevelt’s response to the Great Depression)
    • Korean War
    • Klu Klux Klan (racial bigotry)
    • Federal Reserve System (gold bank)
    • League of Nations (precursor to United Nations)
    • United Nations
    • Manhattan Project (atomic bomb)
People
George Washington Carver (inventor)
John Dewey (philosopher, educator)
Theodore Dreiser (author, Sister Carrie)
Thomas Edison (inventor)
William Faulkner (author, As I Lay Dying)
F. Scott Fitzgerald (author, The Great Gatsby)
Henry Ford (industrial automation)
Robert Frost (poet, The Road Less Taken)
Ernest Hemingway (author, For Whom the Bell Tolls)
Jack London (author, Call of the Wild)
Edgar Lee Masters (poet, Spoon River Anthology)
J.P. Morgan (banking)
Eugene O’Neill (playwright, Long Day’s Journey Into Night)
Frank Norris (author, The Octopus)
Ezra Pound (poet)
John D. Rockefeller (oil)
Carl Sandburg (poet)
Upton Sinclair (author, The Jungle)
John Steinbeck (The Grapes of Wrath)
Frank Lloyd Wright (architect)
28
Q

1950 - Present

A
    • Korean War (Gen. Douglas MacArthur)
    • Truman Doctrine (US aid to other countries to fight Communist influence)
    • ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)
    • CIA (international security)
    • FBI (J. Edgar Hoover)
    • atomic bomb (Manhattan Project)
    • NATO (US & Europe protection vs. Communist Bloc)
    • Civil Rights Movement (NAACP, Martin Luther King, Jesse Jackson, Malcolm X)
    • Separate But Equal doctrine (established by the US Supreme Court that the separation of races is allowable if the affected facilities are of equal quality)
    • McCarthyism (anti-Communism)
    • Cold War (Iron Curtain, Berlin blockade)
    • Dwight Eisenhower
    • Nikita Khruschev
    • Domino Theory (Indochina / Communism)
    • School desegregation (George Wallace)
    • Space race (Sputnik)
    • Civil Rights Movement (Martin Luther King, Malcolm X)
    • Fidel Castro (Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis)
    • Vietnam War (Ho Chi Minh, Tet Offensive, Mai Lai, Richard Nixon (Watergate, Pentagon Papers)
    • War on Terrorism (Word Trade Center attacks, Iraq, Saddam Hussein)
    • South Africa (apartheid, Nelson Mandela)
People
Jackie Robinson
Ralph Ellison (Invisible Man)
Edward Albee (playwright, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?)
James Baldwin (author, Go Tell It on the Mountain)
Arthur Miller (playwright, Death of a Salesman)
Jackson Pollack (artist)
Andy Warhol (artist)
Jonas Salk (polio cure)

Multi-Subject CST (4 decks)

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