History Flashcards
“Father of History” - first to collect and systematically document events & create an account
Herodotus
Muse of History
Clio (Kleio)
Facts, happenings, & (past) events
History
Social Science that reconstructs man’s past from written records
History
Concerned with communities
Social Science
An analytical subject looking into significant things that have happened and why they happened, what caused them, and what they caused in return
History
Field of geologist & paleontologist
Natural History
Field of archaeologist & anthropologist
Prehistory
Characteristic of History:
Begins by knowing something & tells what it knows
Scientific
Characteristic of History:
Asks about things done by humans at determine times in the past
Humanistic
Characteristic of History:
Bases the answers it gives on grounds; Appeals to evidence
Rational
Characteristic of History:
Tells humans what we are by telling us what we have done
Self-revelatory
Who said this:
History is
Factual = events of human affairs & effects of changing conditions
Speculative = attempt to get at the truth: rooted in philosophy
Ibn Khaldun
Who said this:
History is a people’s achievement that gives them a sense of pride and belonging
Jose Rizal
Who said this:
Man is closely linked to history, as well as an active participant in it.
Mahatma Gandhi
Who said this:
Man’s struggle against a nature and against fellow men.
Mahatma Gandhi
Who said this:
One-sided version of world history by Westeners (euro-centric vision)
Jawaharlal Nehru
One-sided version of world history by Westerners
Orientalism
Orientalism: Civilization as a strictly European manifestation which spread during the __th century through political dominance
19th century
The Four Source Materials
- Artifacts & Fossils (Prehistory)
- Documents
- Traditions
- Remains
Narrative accounts, contracts, declarations, charters, etc.
Documents
Sources with conscious intent to impart information
Traditions
- Oral tradition, oral reports, legends, sagas, ballads, anecdotes, etc.
- Pictorial representation, genealogical tables, list of officials, annals, chronicles, memoirs, biographies, & narratives in general
- Pictorial representations, paintings, statues, photographs, & persons & places, plan of buildings, of cities, of battlefields, maps, diagrams, etc.
Traditions
Relics as actual survivals of the past in language, in literature or other expression, in industrial productions, in laws & customs
Remains
Remains of buildings, tools & utensils, artifacts by man
Remains
Written or produced in the time period. These are materials directly related to a topic by time or participation.
Primary Sources
letters, speeches, diaries, newspaper articles from the time, oral history interviews, documents, photographs, artifacts, autobiographies
Primary Sources
Usually published books or articles by authors who were not eyewitnesses or participants in the historical event or period and who base their interpretation on primary sources, research, and study.
Secondary Sources
high school history textbooks, biographies, retrospective newspapers and other history books about a particular topic
Secondary Sources
Summaries and collections of primary and secondary sources. These sources provide ideas for topics and further investigation.
Tertiary Source
almanacs, encyclopedias, dictionaries, guidebooks, manuals, etc.
Tertiary Source
Historical Criticism on Sources
- What
- When
- Where
- By whom
External
Historical Criticism on Sources
- Meaning
- Implication
- Interpretation
Internal
Analysis of the sources & synthesis of the materials
Historical Method
The shifting, grouping, arrangement, generalization, & organization of the facts gathered in order to form a body of connected & related knowledge which must be presented in a logical form
Historical Method
Inner meaning of history as the historian’s subjective view & interpretation of events, both global & local, based on his/her country’s experience
Knowledge
Speculative mind
Throroughness
Therefore, can there really be an ‘OBJECTIVE” history?
Always seek the truth
Be objective
Do not generalize
Abilities of a Historian
- Knowledge of the _________
- Ability to sift _________
- Passion for _________
- Complete _________
- Breadth of _________
- _________ (ability to bring to life the recreation of the past)
languages
evidence
accuracy
integrity
vision
artistic
“The ________ of science and the ________ of art.”
exactitude; validity
Lessons/Uses of History
- Lessons to conduct ______ ______
- Hindsight but not a __________
present life
foresight
Definitives/Laws of History:
Age of Reason by Comte
Law of Indefinite Progress
Definitives/Laws of History:
Age of Romanticism by Hegel
History as a process of expansion and contraction
Definitives/Laws of History:
Modern Age by Marx
History is determined by economics
_________ Dialectics &
Dialectical _________
Hegelian Dialectics &
Dialectical Materialism
History gives us wisdom = not ready-made solutions to our present ills; not fantastic speculations as to the future
- ______ to face the facts
- the ______ to learn
- the __________ to act upon them
courage
humility
intelligence
Records public events, public institutions, rulers & governments, wars, conquests, & making peace
Political History
Deals with how humans earned their living, produce goods & services, shared-out proceeds, & exchanged shares (trade)
Economic History
Concerned with different classes/sectors which contributed to social development and national orientation
Social History
Primarily concerned with the development of traditions, customs, arts, music, habits, & other cultural institutions as they came into contact with the outside world
Cultural History
Teaching History
Praelectio - Prelection
Lectio - Lesson
Recitatio - Recitation
