History Flashcards
Long Question and Short Question. Add all information
Long Question: What were Italian City States like? And talk about the 3 main city states too.
Most of Europe were ruled by feudal monarchs but some Italian cities were different. These were independent city states which governed themselves. These city states were home to Europe’s most successful trade guilds, craftsmen, merchants and bankers which made them extremely wealthy. people there showed how important and rich they were by becoming patrons of the arts which is to sponsor painters, writers and architects.
The three main city states include Florence, Venice and Milan. Florence was a republic and ruled by very powerful families. The most powerful were the Medici who supported artist Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. The dome of Florence Cathedral is one of the earaleis examples of Renaissance architecture. It was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and it was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome.
The next city state was Venice and it was also a republic. It dominated Mediterranean trade routes and was the most prosperous city in Europe. The last city is called Milan and it is not a republic but Sforzas, its ruling family, transformed it into an artistic and cultural place to rival against Venice.
Long Question: Write about Leonardo Da Vinci
Although there were many great philosophers, writers, artists, mathematicians and inventers, Leonardo da Vinci were all of those and even more. He was illegitimate and his mother was a poor farm girl who gave birth to him in 1452. He started working for Medici in Florence during his twenties. He completed the painting, Last Supper, in 1499. He was also a scientist and inventor. Most of his inventions were never made but his notebooks filled with designs still exist. He also had his famous drawing called “Vitruvian Man”.
Long Question: Write about Christopher Columbus.
Include who supported him, what his goal was the dates and what happened next.
Christopher Columbus was an Italian sailor from Genoa. His goal was to find a direct route by sea to trade with East Asia. Columbus believed that the Indian Ocean could be reached by sailing west across the Atlantic. His supporters were King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. On 6 September 1492, Columbus started sailing from the Canary Islands on his ship, Santa Maria. Columbus thought that Japan was only 2400 miles away and it would take four weeks to reach but in reality, Japan was 7000 miles away and there is still an undiscovered continent that lay between. They were about to turn back when they started running out of water and food but on 12 October, one of the crew member saw land. What they saw was the small Caribbean island of Guanahani. There lived a indigenous group of people called the Taino. Later, Columbus sailed to nearby land where he found other indigenous people wearing small items of gold jewelry. Columbus sailed back to Spain and brought evidence to show Ferdinand and Isabella. His evidence included gold jewelry, chili peppers, sweet potatoes, parrots, and even nine captured indigenous people. After that Ferdinand and Isabella claimed ownership of all lands discovered across the Atlantic but the Portuguese King Joao II insisted that Spain should share so in 1494, Treaty of Tordesillas was signed, claiming that anything west of the line that was down the globe, belonged to Spain and anything east belonged to Portugal.
Long Question: Write about Vasco da Gama
Portuguese people at some point were attempting to reach Asia by sailing easy around Africa and this was because Africans ports has been trading with Asia for a very long time but Europeans couldn’t do this unless they sailed around the Cape of Good Hope which is at the southern end of the African continent. Therefore, 1497, Vasco da Gama was chosen to lead to go on this journey. On 8 July, him and his four ships and 170 men left Lisbon. After a year, they landed at Calicut in Indian where they traded items with the local king. They went back to Lisbon and arrived on 10 July 1499. Only 54 of his men survived but this didn’t matter as he was the first European to successfully sail to and trade with India.
Short Question: What was the first important invention.
Printing Press
Short Question: Why was it created?
Because a bible took more than a year to finish and books could be only afforded by the wealthy.
Short Question: Who thought of experimenting with printed text and what was his idea and was was it called?
Johannes Gutenberg who was a metalworker from Mainz. His idea was to make equally sized letters out of metal than can be rearranged easily and put them in a wooden frame to make whole pages out of words. This idea was known as movable-type printing.
Short Question: When did (Guy from question 7)’s printing press produced its first run of Bibles.
1455
Short Question: How did the printing press revolute the world?
New ideas spread to Europe from other countries and large numbers of books on religion, medicine, history, poetry, astronomy and Latin grammar were made and more than just wealthy people could afford it.
Short Question: What does geocentric and heliocentric theory show?
Geocentric theory claimed that the sun, moon, planets and stars revolved around the earth but the heliocentric theory proposed that the earth and the planets orbit the sun.
Long Question: Write about Ferdinand Magellan.
On September 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set sail for Indonesia with five ships and around 265 men. He plotted an adventurous route to head west instead of east to be the first European to sail around the tip of South America. He sailed towards Patagonia and claimed he saw a race of giants. He then found a narrow channel named Magellan strait which is very dangerous. After 38 days, Magellan and his men reached the other side where they were greeted by an enormous ocean which is calm compared to the channel. Therefore, they decided to call it the ‘Pacific’ Ocean which meant ‘peaceful’. Later on March 1521, Magellan and his men reached the Philippines but Magellan was killed by poison arrows at a battle with indigenous people. In September 1522, the remaining single ship returned to Spain with 18 men surviving. They were the first crew to circumnavigate the world.
Short Question: What happened to Western Europe following the Reformation?
It divided into Catholic and Protestant countries.
Short Question: What did PROTESTANTS think of the Pope and what did they focus more on?
The Protestants rejected the authority of the Pope and they focused more on the text in the Bible itself.
Short Question: What is something Catholics believed about the Pope and what did they think good Christians should do?
They believed that the Pope was appointed by god and they thought good Christians should obey the Pope always and respect the Church.
Short Question: Which countries became Protestant strongholds and which countries remained Catholic?
Countries such as England, Switzerland, Holland, Sweden and many small states from Germany became Protestant strongholds and other countries such as France, Spain and various states of Italy remained Catholic.
Short Question: The Catholic Church was determined to oppose to the rising of Protestantism. So what did they do and when? Also add when it lasted until + what it launched.
In 1545, Pope Paul III called a general council in the city of Trent in northern Italy. The Council of Trent lasted until 1563 and it launched the Counter-Reformation.
Short Question: What was the theory about Charles V and what was in reality?
In theory, Charles V ruled most of German states but in reality, he had very little power.
Short Question: What did Charles V fail to do and what was he forced to agree on?
He failed as a Catholic ruler to prevent Protestantism and he was forced to agree that the religion of each state would be the same as of its ruler.
Fill in the blank: There were 9 religious wars between _____ and _____.
1562 and 1598
Short Question: What were the wars about? Is it only about religion or is there another reason?
Not only were they about religion, they were struggles for power between France’s nobles and the monarchy.
Short Question: Who eventually came to throne and attempted to end the religious wars and when?
It was Henry IV in 1589
Short Question: What was the most destructive of Europe’s war of religion? From when to when did it last? How did it begin?
The Thirty Years’ War. It lasted from 1618 to 1648.
Short Question: What was the Thirty Years’ War about? How did it end and when?
It was a struggle for power and territory between the Habsburg family and the kings of France. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
Short Question: Which gender was suspected of being a witch mostly?
Women
Short Question: At first witches were called _______ and were often _______ or __________________.
cunning folk, healers, fortune-tellers
Short Question: After the Renaissance, what became common to believe about the witches? What was witch-craft thought of as?
The witches were thought to be working for the devil and witch-craft became a heresy.
Short Question: When was witch-craft banned in England?
1542
Short Question: What kind of activities were witches said to do? Who accompanied them?
They were said to perform secret rituals, killing and eating kidnapped children.
Short Question: How were these witches normally executed?
They were normally executed by hanging or burning at the stake.
Short Question: Who was the last person to be executed for witchcraft and where + when?
The last person to be executed was Janet Horne in 1727 in Britain.
Short Question: What were the three types of things historians thought caused the fear of witches?
The first thing they thought was because of jealousy, the second was rivalry between Protestant and Catholic faiths, and lastly they thought it was linked back to the reformation.
Short Question: What type of women and when were they accused?
Mostly elderly women who were widows
Short Question: The Salem witches [Where did the most famous set of trials take place in?]
Salem Massachusetts
Short Question: Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams began having fits. Who thought that the girls were under a spell and who did the girls end up accusing?
William Parris, Elizabeth’s father, thought they were under a spell and the girls end up accusing three women, a beggar named Sarah Good; an elderly soman named Sarah Osborne; and Tituba, who worked for the Parris family.
Short Question: What was the name of the place that Mayas lived in?
Mesoamerica
Short Question: Where did city states began to emerge in?
Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, modern Belize, Guatemala and Honduras
Short Question: What did the Mayans eat?
They eat avocados, maize, beans, poc chuc
Short Question: What did Mayans drink and what did they smoke?
They drank warm chocolate drinks and smoked tobacco from pipes made of bones
Short Question: Where did Mayans take much of their culture from?
Olmec civilization
Short Question: What places do some buildings survive today?
Tikal, Chichen Itza, Copan, Uxmal, Lamanai, Palenque
Short Question: Why were priests so respected? (What was their role?)
They were respected because they were advisors to the rulers, and could memorize history, poetry, songs, Mayan language, calendars, medicine and astrology.
Short Question: What were parents expected to teach their children?
Mental strength, compassion, loyalty to the community and self-control
Short Question: What is the Popol Vuh and what does it explain?
It is a mythological narrative that was passed through by oral history but then got written down in the 16th century.
Short Question: How was the current world created?
The current world was created by a big flood that wiped away failed attempts to make human out of mud and wood.
Long Question: What was one story from the Popol Vuh?
The bird demon, Vucub-Caquix, pretended to be the sun and moon. The Hero Twins were to defeat him. He got shot down from a tree by a blowpipe and was stripped of his powers. Later, the hero twins were invited by the Lords of Xibalba to play a ball game.
Short Question: How did Mayans honour their gods?
They build big, stone pyramids at the centre of their cities.
Short Question: What were used to make blood offerings to the gods?
Jaguar claws, obsidian blades, strings threaded with thorns, cactus spikes, stingray spines
Short Question: What was the name of the ancient ballgame?
Ullamaliztli
Long Question: What was the myth of how the Mexica establish their city? What was the name of the city?
The myth was that the Mexica civilization was roaming southwards until they eventually reached Lake Texcoco. There, they saw an eagle holding a serpent on a prickly cactus and decided that this was faith and built their city. In 1325, the city, Tenochtitlan was established.
Short Question: Why were the named Aztecs?
They were named Aztecs because they traced back to their northern american homeland to the town of Aztlan.
Short Question: Who was the first ever recorded ruler and when and what happened?
The first ever recorded ruler was named Acamapichtli and it was around 1376 when he was elected tlatoani
Short Question: What did Aztecs form and when?
Around 1429, the Aztecs formed a series of political marriage alliances with other tribes known as the Alliances of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan.
Short Question: What did independent city states take part in?
They took part in Flower Wars with pre-scheduled dates and location. This was done to keep warriors in fighting form and to capture the most people from the enemy’s side to sacrifice them.
Long Question: What was the story of the creator gods?
The gods Plumed Serpent and Smoking Mirror had to defeat Giver and Devourer of Life for the cosmos to prosper. They pulled her body apart to make the sky and earth. She became angry because she was unwillingly sacrificed and said that she would light the Fifth Sun only if she received blood. A humble god, Full of Sores decided to sacrifice followed by a jaguar and an eagle who later became symbols for fearlessness and power.
Short Question: Who was the founder of Inca and who were his parents?
The founder was called Manco Capac and his father was Inta, sun god and Mama Killa, moon goddess.
Short Question: What was the compulsory service called and what did the people usually had to do?
It was called mit’a and the people usually had to do construction such as bridges, roads, fortifications and terraces.
Short Question: What was the result due to the empire’s mountainous landscape?
They had to build terraces for flatland to grow crops which were mainly potatoes and maize. Llamas were also used for transport, clothing, milk and meat.
Short Question: What is a form of government control?
It is to locate population meaning that they could locate or put people in a different area. These people were to shift people who are loyal to the Inca to frontier provinces, break up rebellious groups or move people for agricultural purposes.
Short Question: What did the Chosen Women do?
They were women chosen from age 8-10 and determined by beauty, intelligent, and talent. They had to keep a sacred fire alive, weave clothes for the emperor, make ritual food and chicha beer for festivals.
Short Question: What is a Quipu?
It is something that wise ones use to memorize or recite legends and history.
Short Question: Where did all roads lead to in the Inca empire?
Cusco
Short Question: What are the two temples and the name of the most important palace in Inca?
The name of the most important place is called Coricancha and one of the two temples is covered in gold leaf to represent the sweat of the sun and the other one is covered in silver leaves to represent the tears of the moon.
Short Question: What was the Capacocha ceremony?
Boys and girls were chosen from the Inca empire to walk the ceque lines of Cusco, be sanctified by priests and walk back to their village to die on sacred mountaintops.
Short Question: Where were royal mummies kept?
Coricancha
Short Question: What was the legend of Osman’s dream and what did it inspire?
Osman’s dream was that a tree grew from his body, giving shade to the whole world and it gave him an inspiration to extend his empire.
Short Question: Why did Ottomans want the city of Constantinople?
No army had ever breached the walls of Constantinople.
Short Question: Where was Constantinople? When was the huge chain raised?
Constantinople was at the narrow strait between the black sea and the Mediterranean sea. The huge chain around it was raised when enemy ships were near.
Short Question: When did Mehmed II became sultan?
1451, aged 19
Short Question: What did Mehmed to to siege Constantinople?
He built a castle north of Constantinople to prevent any ships or goods from Byzantines to come in He also hired a Hungarian Engineer to build the largest canon the world has ever seen. The canon was 9 metres long and called Basilica.
Short Question: Who was the Byzantine emperor?
Constantine XI
Short Question: Why did Ottoman had only 10 000 troops and who led it?
They only had this much amount because the Byzantine empire was shrinking and plus, only 10% of the population was in Constantinople. Some were even using the area as farmland. The person who led this 10 000 troops was led Giovanni Giustiniani Longo.
Long Question: Why did Mehmed became frustrated and what did he finally decide to do?
Mehmed became upset because his plan was failing. Not only could he not breach the walls of Constantinople, his navy had also failed to stop supply ships reaching Constantinople. Therefore, he decided to move overland because he couldn’t get past the chain in the water. On 23 April 1453, the Byzantines were shocked to see the Ottoman in their harbour.
Short Question: Why and when did Mehmed finally breached the walls of Constantinople?
It was on 29 May and he did it because the Byzantines’ spirt broke because they thought god wasn’t on their side anymore due to bad omens such as thunderstorms and an eclipse.
Write all about the Ottoman-Venetian wars. Intro.
The Ottoman and Venetians had been fighting over the power of the Mediterranean for years. Venice has Mediterranean’s leading powewrs and they became prime importers of goods from the East and this trade monopoly made Venice a very wealthy city. Ottoman and Venetians had 7 wars in the time of 1463-1718.
Short Question: What were the Barbary states?
Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia
Write about the 4th and 6th battles.
The 4th battle was called the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. It happened because Ottomans invaded Cyprus in 1570 and Pope Pius V created a Holy League to figh back including Spain, Venice and other Italian city states. On 7 October 1571, the fleet of 210 ships led by Don John of Austria met up with the Ottomans in Lepanto. Although the Ottomans outnumbered the Holy League, they had galley style ships which needed and depended on oarsmen while the Holy League used galleasses with sails and oars. They also had large canons. The Ottomans got defeated. However, they still could not take back Cyprus back and the Holy League quickly grew apart. However, the Ottomans made a new fleet just in a bit of time. The 6th battle was called ‘The Great Turkish War’ which occurred from 1683 to 1699 and here, the Christian powers yet again made another fleet similar to the Holy League but this time, it included Russia. In 1683, the Ottomans attempted to siege Vienna with 150 000 soldiers but it was destroyed because the army of 60 000 men appeared over the hills. The 3000 Winged Hussars led by John Sobieski caused them to flee. The war ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.
