History Flashcards

Question

Compare before and after the IR happened

Answer 1

Before: - no pollution - manual labour and people working for a wage - no running water - collected from water well After: - major pollution - machinery doing all the work so people had no jobs which lead to the great depression - no crops which caused rife famine

Answer 2

- could fit into small places to reach stuff and didn't take up much room - Got paid much less - Had no autonomy and had to follow rules

Answer 3

To mass produce goods in factories using machinery

Answer 4

- less labour work - economy growth because they could mass produce - Many new and major cities formed and grew because farmers lost their jobs so they moved to the cities to find work

Answer 5

- Sickness and disease spread quickly - Unsafe - People lost jobs - Cramped - Possibly not getting paid as much

Answer 6

Wind, water or by hand until the invention of the steam engine where rather than small scale production, goods could be mass produced using the powerful machine which used coal to heat water to produce power.

Answer 7

Less manual labour Transport and contacting - telegraph and steamship Infrastructure - The Iron Bridge built due to increased metal production industries being profitable and lucrative Urbanisation - Manchester's population grew from 10, 000 to 300, 000 Worsened living conditions - disease spreading, slum housing with poor ventilation and hygene Number of middle class people grew significantly as industrialization created new jobs in business, banking, and factory management, boosting wealth and social status. Child labour became more prevalent and prominent - worked in coal mines and factories - average age to start work = 10 Early concepts of medicine were discovered

Answer 8

Abundance of naturally occurring raw materials - like coal for machines so they put factories right next to coal miens which meant no transportation of fuel was needed Developing banking system - gave out loans to factory owners to build or expand their factories and gave to inventors who made advanced machines which ultimately fueled the IR Population growth - demand for goods rose Whilst child mortality rates were high due to sickness and no advancements in medicine, the population still grew because of the high number of children still being born. To have more kids women must be healthy and farming in Britain was growing better so they had better diets than overseas colonies Cheap goods - processed or unhealthy goods were built in factories and cheap employees/labour fueled the number of working people in factories Private individuals put money into buildings - things get built faster Inventors found out about each other's ideas because Britain was a relatively 'small' world - meant that machines kept on developing and were made faster and more advanced as they learned from eachother. Ultimately, it was this advancement in machinery that fueled the IR.

Answer 9

Not in Britain - they did slave work and got treated like slaves, but they were paid so it doesn;t count. THe slaves were found in overseas colonies.

Answer 10

Sickness, disparities, disease, poverty, manual labour, time of great change, new beginnings, complex, unfair

Answer 11

Average to be hired at was 10, hard laborous work: chimney sweeps, coal mine workers (putters or trappers who opened trap doors - and children who pushes carts full of coal to the surface ( - putters - ) )

Answer 12

The invention of steam engine and the beginning of mass production meant that fuel was needed more and was in high demand due to this (IR). Ventilation - large amounts of coal dust in mines - by age 20 their lungs had mottled or marbled appearance. Gas pockets too of fire damp or chokedamp. Mine collapsing - it would collapse due to weight above ground etc and hollow ground beneath - wooden posts holding up walls and ceiling would creek loudly to warn miners of a collapse. Lighting was bad Naked flames could catch fire - torches (candles) Deeper mins at risk of flooding Could get trapped underground with not enough time to escape -

Answer 13

Safety torch - mesh covered flame to prevent oxygen from overheating Steam engines pumped out groundwater but flooding would still happen quickly. Tunnels were propped up with wooden supports Miners took canaries Lighting a fire at the bottom of one shaft would draw in fresh air into the mine

Answer 14

No income for kids and most men Less production of coal and other goods therefore as it was used to power factories and machines Industrialisation increased die to coal production.

Answer 15

Where the government became concerned about the working conditions in coal mines - especially for children. A children's employment commission was set up by the government where inspectors were sent around Britain to investigate conditions in factories and coal mines. Interviewed women and children about their work. Shocked the nation - coal mines: worked naked, children work hard, laborous days, boys and girls very close together, abuse in tunnels of mines. Also, never see light in winter due to timing of their work days - early morning to late at night. Also aren't going to school and there are no lunch or toilet breaks. Cramped spaces, dark and dirty and there was no respect for workers. Often worked naked due to no money they had and they didn't want to waste their one pair of clothes. Also children are the ones providing money for the family.

Answer 16

Nobody knew about the terrible conditions - no news or social media etc. The British government likely started the commission in 1842 due to a combination of growing public awareness of poor labor conditions, increased social reform movements, and rising pressure from industrialization's negative impact on workers, particularly after earlier attempts at reform in factories gained traction.

Answer 17

Often beaten and cruelty took place in secret. Immorality was rife - widespread and against the bible's teachings

Answer 18

They had the opportunity to change jobs or go to different mines. Also, pay dependent on physique - mine owners don't hire skinny weak people.

Answer 19

Yes - even when very young (there was no age limit to working) Needed the money

Answer 20

Because Britainw as so suitable for the IR to happen at the time, so factories were build due to booming in coal industry so they could power machines and they mass produced items. This meant that workers got paid more than they got making small produced, unique items in their own homes.

Answer 21

Needed to earn more - wanted money - caused industrialisation. Food production is less reliable and more laborious.

Answer 22

Textiles - more industrialisation meant more people needed clothes.

Answer 23

Could earn more than at home (for family), and also gave them something to do when parents were working and they weren't at school (only for richest kids).

Answer 24

Small hands, paid less, could reach under things more easily

Answer 25

Scavengers - went under a machine to find cotton which otherwise was a fire hazard to leave there Piecer - worker who ties loose threads together by rubbing the two ends between hands as the machine runs Pauper apprentice - poor child given to mill because parents cannot afford to look after child - child gets no pay but they do get food, a basic education and a roof over their head. They are hired because it means the mill gets a "permanent" worker as they must stay until 18 yrs of age at least. Technically a slave.

Answer 26

Cramped, had chronic bad posture, mental and physical welfare was bad, machiens posed a health risk - chopping off hands and fingers - being de-gloved. Low space to get under the machines. Permanent health issues from machines - deaf. No safety fences or emergency stop buttons on machine. Overseer holds a whip! Beaten/abused Hair tangled in machine - disease or sickness. If no longer able to work in factory due to injury, they'd be fired so had no source of income.

Answer 27

Specifically the pauper apprentice because they were the only ones not getting paid, but they were treated like slaves (all of the workers), and nobody was black in Britain at this time. Travel not very common.

Answer 28

Girls got more than boys when under 16 because they are both about the same physical size, (particularly under 11) but girls are much more mature so can have more responsibility. Boys get more when they get above 17, because this is when they reach their peak strength and size too. Boys get paid less when above 30 ish as their strength begins to drop off. Girls get paid more when above 30 ish because they stop having babies so are stronger and more available.

Answer 29

- government because they wanted England's reputation to get better, shown through them starting the 1842 commission - workers in factories who want improved conditions - religious groups - morality - women - had worse experiences in factories than men - MP's because then they would get more votes in next election

Answer 30

- factory owners - lower profit (due to limited working hours of workers) - also wages may go up so they are having to pay workers more - workers - wanted + needed all the money they could get - families who needed children to work and still had nowhere else to go because there was no school or childcare.

Answer 31

- he argued factory work was no worse than other jobs, blaming poor child health, not working conditions, for high mortality - because he wanted to get all the votes, he doesn't admit to the bad conditions in factories so he lied

Answer 32

Yes, because their pay/rank int ehir job depended on their physique, so they had an advantage due to strong and builky build - miners had to be strong so they only wanetd to hire strong people. Men could change or swap jobs anytime.

Answer 33

- 35% of the workign female population worked as domestic servants. - job consisted of working and supporting, cooking, cleaning for a very rich family and you could live there too if you were a live-in domestic servant

Answer 34

- easily quit the job - high wages - good and always an abundance in food - young girls can take up positions - friendships built - learnt skills - independent (unmarried usually)

Answer 35

- had to be very mature and strong because it was physically laborious - laundry - multiple jobs or tasks to do at once - demanding - strict employers watching you - lots of responsibilities

Answer 36

It certainly freed them more than mining or factory work, because of the slightly less harsh conditions, and they got better food and treatment. Worked in a clean, large, spread-out place, contrasting to the cramped coal mines. Received better pay too and stable wages. Although, they had limited personal freedoms because they worked in a tightly reigned household where they were always being watched.

Answer 37

- industrialisation caused little housing - no national laws protecting people's health - lack of medical knowledge - didn't know germs caused disease - back to back slum housing - lodging houses - big houses rented by the room - disease spread rapidly - water pump came from river - waste: shared one privy for whole street - often overflowed and leaked into broken water pipes

Answer 38

26.6 - 28.1

Answer 39

Urbanisation Poor living conditions Child labour - child mortality rates were very high but parents kept on having lots of kids Infectious diseases

Answer 40

People owning rental houses because they will have to pay to clean and repair their houses for other people to rent Government - believed in a laissez faire approach

Answer 41

Spread by drinking dirty water, or eating contaminated food by the cholera bacteria Fatal in hours Skin turned blue - vomiting...

Answer 42

Be temperate in eating and drinking Abstain from cold water

Answer 43

Communal drop toilet shared often between each street or couple of houses Often overflowed Nightsoilmen were hired by landlords to empty them, but often they never came or weren't hired in first place. This caused leakages and would often contaminate the already dirty drinking water - caused typhoid.

Answer 44

They knew it was slightly dirty, but there was nothing else to drink and they didn't believe Louis Pasteur about germs because they couldn't see them for themselves.

Answer 45

He worked out that the water was making people sick - hadn't yet come to the conclusion it was germs in the water.

Answer 46

Laissez Faire approach - believed they shouldn't interfere in people's lives. Also, because only the landed gentry could vote, poor people with the bad conditions, didn't have a say, so the government only tried to appeal to the wealthy men who would be voting. Making improvements would mean increased taxes which people opposed.

Answer 47

Supported: - some residents wanted better conditions so they wouldn't get sick as often or badly Opposed: - some residents because they didn't want taxes to go up - government - believed in Laissez Faire approach - landed gentry - didn't affect them really

Answer 48

More evidence emerged that the poor living conditions were linked with the high mortality (death) rates, so people partitioned to get it improved. Known as the public health act

Answer 49

Most working men could vote in 1867. Second Public Health Act made it compulsory for local governments to provide clean water and waste disposal to their areas.