HISTORY Flashcards
They suggested that a disease was caused by “invisible living creatures”.
ROMAN PHILOSOPHER LUCRETIUS
(98-55 BC) AND
GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553)
He made the earliest microscopic observation on bees and weevils using a microscope probably supplied by Galileo.
FRANCESCO STELLUTI (1625 AND 1630)
The “first true microbiologist”
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
The first person to observe and describe organisms accurately - “Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology”
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
He discovered “animalcules.”
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
He used self-made single lens microscope with 50-300x magnification to study protozoans and bacteria.
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
Life arose from non-living matter.
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
He mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)
In 1668 (even before van Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microscopic life), he demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat.
FRANCISCO REDI (1626-1697)
His results were a serious blow to the long-held belief that large forms of life could arise from non-life.
FRANCISCO REDI (1626-1697)
He observed that boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy with microorganism after pouring it into a flask and sealed tightly
JOHN NEEDHAM (1748)
He proposed that organic matter possessed a “vital force that could give rise to life
JOHN NEEDHAM (1748)
He improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating the broth placed in a sealed jar.
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)
He observed that no growth took place as long as the flasks remained sealed.
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)
He proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium and that might be the reason for the growth of organisms present already in the medium.
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)
He concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled.
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)
He showed the importance of oxygen of life.
LAURENT LAVOISIER
Living cells can rise only from pre-existing living cells.
BIOGENESIS
He challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of “biogenesis.”
RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1858)
He observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution after allowing air to pass through a red-hot tube.
THEODORE SCHWANN (1810-1882)
They observed that no growth occurred after allowing air to pass through sterile cotton wool placed in a flask of heat-sterilized medium.
GOERG FRIEDRICH SCHRODER AND THEODORE VON
DUSCH
He resolved the issue of spontaneous generation.
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
He stated that microorganisms are indeed present in the air and can contaminate seemingly sterile solutions, however the air itself does not create microbes.
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
He showed that microorganisms can also be destroyed by heat (basis of the aseptic technique - a technique to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms).
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
He provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in non-living materials.
However, no matter how long some flasks were boiled, they always produced certain growth - heat resistant bacterial spores (Ferdinand Cohn)
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
Theodore Schwann stated that yeast cells
were responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol. However, he said that fermentation was no due to microorganisms but to a chemical instability that converted sugars to alcohol.
FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION
Pasteur described that certain microorganisms known as
“yeast” converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air (fermentation).
FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION
He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
He developed vaccines against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885).
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
He improved the wine industry (theory of fermentation).
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
He showed that dust carry germs which contaminates sterile broth.
JOHN TYNDALL (1820-1893)
form of sterilization for three consecutive days.
Tyndallization
Created a porcelain bacterial filter (1884) and developed anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur.
CHARLES CHAMBERLAND
He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease.
IGNATZ SEMMELWEIS (1816-1865)
He developed the antiseptic system of surgery.
JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
He introduced British surgery to handwashing and the use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressings.
JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
He demonstrated the used of phenol for treating surgical wounds and also sprayed phenol over the surgical area.
JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
It is based on the concept that microorganism might cause disease.
THE GERM OF THEORY OF DISEASE
He established the first proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
He discovered Bacillus anthracis - causative agent of anthrax (1876-1877).
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
He discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882).
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
He was the first to culture bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, and used meat extracts and protein digests for
cultivation
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
He developed culture media for observing growth of bacteria isolated from human body.
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms
KOCH’S POSTULATES
The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.
KOCH’S POSTULATES
The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.
KOCH’S POSTULATES
The same organism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
KOCH’S POSTULATES
Suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent.
FANNIE ELISHEMIUS HESSE
Developed the petri dish (plate).
RICHARD PETRI
Developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
MARTINUS BELERINCK AND SERGIE WINOGRADSKY
He experimented on how people can be protected against small pox.
EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)
He collected scrapings from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy volunteer with cowpox material by scrathing the person’s arm with a pox-contaminated needle.
EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)
He used the term “vaccine” - for cultures of a virulent microorganisms use for preventive inoculation.
LOUIS PASTEUR
He used attenuated culture known as vaccine (Latin “vacca” - cow)
LOUIS PASTEUR
Prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus.
EMIL VON BEHRIG
the treatment of disease by using chemical substances.
Chemotherapy
refers to chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer.
Chemotherapy
prepared from chemical in the laboratory.
Synthetic drugs
produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against microorganisms.
Antibiotics
Discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for treatment of syphilis
PAUL EHRLICH
Discovered penicillin (Penicillium notatum)
ALEXANDER FLEMING
Made the purification process of penicillin.
HOWARD FLOREY AND ERNST CHAIN
