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MICROBIO > HISTORY > Flashcards

HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

They suggested that a disease was caused by “invisible living creatures”.

A

ROMAN PHILOSOPHER LUCRETIUS
(98-55 BC) AND
GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553)

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2
Q

He made the earliest microscopic observation on bees and weevils using a microscope probably supplied by Galileo.

A

FRANCESCO STELLUTI (1625 AND 1630)

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3
Q

The “first true microbiologist”

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

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4
Q

The first person to observe and describe organisms accurately - “Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology”

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

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5
Q

He discovered “animalcules.”

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

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6
Q

He used self-made single lens microscope with 50-300x magnification to study protozoans and bacteria.

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

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7
Q

Life arose from non-living matter.

A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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8
Q

He mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation.

A

ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)

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9
Q

In 1668 (even before van Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microscopic life), he demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat.

A

FRANCISCO REDI (1626-1697)

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10
Q

His results were a serious blow to the long-held belief that large forms of life could arise from non-life.

A

FRANCISCO REDI (1626-1697)

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11
Q

He observed that boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy with microorganism after pouring it into a flask and sealed tightly

A

JOHN NEEDHAM (1748)

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12
Q

He proposed that organic matter possessed a “vital force that could give rise to life

A

JOHN NEEDHAM (1748)

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13
Q

He improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating the broth placed in a sealed jar.

A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)

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14
Q

He observed that no growth took place as long as the flasks remained sealed.

A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)

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15
Q

He proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium and that might be the reason for the growth of organisms present already in the medium.

A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)

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16
Q

He concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled.

A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)

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17
Q

He showed the importance of oxygen of life.

A

LAURENT LAVOISIER

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18
Q

Living cells can rise only from pre-existing living cells.

A

BIOGENESIS

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19
Q

He challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of “biogenesis.”

A

RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1858)

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20
Q

He observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution after allowing air to pass through a red-hot tube.

A

THEODORE SCHWANN (1810-1882)

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21
Q

They observed that no growth occurred after allowing air to pass through sterile cotton wool placed in a flask of heat-sterilized medium.

A

GOERG FRIEDRICH SCHRODER AND THEODORE VON
DUSCH

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22
Q

He resolved the issue of spontaneous generation.

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

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23
Q

He stated that microorganisms are indeed present in the air and can contaminate seemingly sterile solutions, however the air itself does not create microbes.

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

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24
Q

He showed that microorganisms can also be destroyed by heat (basis of the aseptic technique - a technique to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms).

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

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25
Q

He provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in non-living materials.
However, no matter how long some flasks were boiled, they always produced certain growth - heat resistant bacterial spores (Ferdinand Cohn)

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

26
Q

Theodore Schwann stated that yeast cells
were responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol. However, he said that fermentation was no due to microorganisms but to a chemical instability that converted sugars to alcohol.

A

FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION

27
Q

Pasteur described that certain microorganisms known as
“yeast” converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air (fermentation).

A

FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION

28
Q

He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

29
Q

He developed vaccines against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885).

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

30
Q

He improved the wine industry (theory of fermentation).

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

31
Q

He showed that dust carry germs which contaminates sterile broth.

A

JOHN TYNDALL (1820-1893)

32
Q

form of sterilization for three consecutive days.

A

Tyndallization

33
Q

Created a porcelain bacterial filter (1884) and developed anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur.

A

CHARLES CHAMBERLAND

34
Q

He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease.

A

IGNATZ SEMMELWEIS (1816-1865)

35
Q

He developed the antiseptic system of surgery.

A

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

36
Q

He introduced British surgery to handwashing and the use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressings.

A

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

37
Q

He demonstrated the used of phenol for treating surgical wounds and also sprayed phenol over the surgical area.

A

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

38
Q

It is based on the concept that microorganism might cause disease.

A

THE GERM OF THEORY OF DISEASE

39
Q

He established the first proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases

A

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

40
Q

He discovered Bacillus anthracis - causative agent of anthrax (1876-1877).

A

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

41
Q

He discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882).

A

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

42
Q

He was the first to culture bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, and used meat extracts and protein digests for
cultivation

A

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

43
Q

He developed culture media for observing growth of bacteria isolated from human body.

A

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

44
Q

The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms

A

KOCH’S POSTULATES

45
Q

The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.

A

KOCH’S POSTULATES

46
Q

The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.

A

KOCH’S POSTULATES

47
Q

The same organism must be isolated again from the diseased host.

A

KOCH’S POSTULATES

48
Q

Suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent.

A

FANNIE ELISHEMIUS HESSE

49
Q

Developed the petri dish (plate).

A

RICHARD PETRI

50
Q

Developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

A

MARTINUS BELERINCK AND SERGIE WINOGRADSKY

51
Q

He experimented on how people can be protected against small pox.

A

EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)

52
Q

He collected scrapings from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy volunteer with cowpox material by scrathing the person’s arm with a pox-contaminated needle.

A

EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)

53
Q

He used the term “vaccine” - for cultures of a virulent microorganisms use for preventive inoculation.

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

54
Q

He used attenuated culture known as vaccine (Latin “vacca” - cow)

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

55
Q

Prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus.

A

EMIL VON BEHRIG

56
Q

the treatment of disease by using chemical substances.

A

Chemotherapy

57
Q

refers to chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer.

A

Chemotherapy

58
Q

prepared from chemical in the laboratory.

A

Synthetic drugs

59
Q

produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against microorganisms.

A

Antibiotics

60
Q

Discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for treatment of syphilis

A

PAUL EHRLICH

61
Q

Discovered penicillin (Penicillium notatum)

A

ALEXANDER FLEMING

62
Q

Made the purification process of penicillin.

A

HOWARD FLOREY AND ERNST CHAIN

MICROBIO (3 decks)

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