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PPE 1 > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

What was the main purpose of the Yalta Conference in February 1945?

A

To discuss post-war reorganization and agreements concerning Europe and Japan

Major leaders involved included Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin.

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2
Q

What did the USSR agree to do at the Yalta Conference regarding Japan?

A

Attack Japan once Germany was defeated

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3
Q

How was Germany to be divided according to the agreements made at the Yalta Conference?

A

Into four zones

Each zone would be controlled by one of the Allied powers: the US, the UK, France, and the USSR.

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4
Q

What was agreed upon regarding free elections in Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference?

A

Countries were to have free elections

This was intended to establish democratic governments, although the implementation varied.

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5
Q

What did the leaders agree upon regarding the establishment of the United Nations?

A

Countries would join the UN

This aimed to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.

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6
Q

What disagreement arose concerning reparations at the Yalta Conference?

A

Stalin wanted more reparations to be paid, but Roosevelt wanted less reparations to be paid

This highlighted tensions between the Soviet Union and the other Allied powers.

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7
Q

What was Stalin’s position on elections in Poland during the Yalta Conference?

A

Agreed to elections but was reluctant

This reflects the Soviet desire for influence and control in Eastern Europe.

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8
Q

What was the Yalta Conference?

A

A meeting of the Big Three leaders during World War II held from February 4 to 11, 1945.

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9
Q

Who were the attendees of the Yalta Conference?

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin.

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10
Q

What was one of the main causes for the Yalta Conference?

A

The war situation had changed with NSDAP Germany close to defeat.

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11
Q

What did the USA want from the USSR during the Yalta Conference?

A

The USSR to declare war on Japan.

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12
Q

What were the agreements made regarding Germany at the Yalta Conference?

A

Germany would be:
* reduced in size
* demilitarised
* required to pay reparations.

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13
Q

What was agreed upon regarding the NSDAP in Germany?

A

The NSDAP would be banned and war criminals would be tried in front of an international court.

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14
Q

What international organization was established to replace the League of Nations?

A

The United Nations (UN).

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15
Q

What was a key point in the redrawing of Europe’s borders according to the Yalta Conference?

A

Borders would be redrawn along the lines of the Atlantic Charter of 1941.

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16
Q

What was the USSR’s stance on Poland during the Yalta Conference?

A

The USSR wanted to use Poland as a post-war satellite state.

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17
Q

How did Churchill view the situation regarding Poland at the Yalta Conference?

A

He aimed to maintain Poland’s sovereignty from either sphere of influence.

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18
Q

True or False: The USSR’s promise of a broader democratic basis for Poland was seen as genuine.

A

False.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The USSR would declare war on Japan ______ after the defeat of NSDAP Germany.

A

three months.

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20
Q

What was the date of the first meeting of the United Nations?

A

April 25, 1945.

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21
Q

What was required for all members to join the UN?

A

All members had to agree to join by February 8, 1945.

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22
Q

What was the status of the Soviet Socialist Republics of Ukraine and Byelorussia after the Yalta Conference?

A

They would be seen as separate from the USSR with autonomous voting rights.

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23
Q

What were the early discussions about regarding Germany and Japan at the Yalta Conference?

A

Dividing the territories of Germany and Japan.

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24
Q

Who introduced the reforms known as ‘Socialism with a human face’ in Czechoslovakia in 1968?

A

Alexander Dubcek

Dubcek aimed to provide more freedom within a communist framework.

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25
Q

What was the period of reform in Czechoslovakia in 1968 called?

A

Prague Spring

This period was characterized by attempts to create a more liberal form of socialism.

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26
Q

How did the Czechs respond to the invasion by Brezhnev’s troops in 1968?

A

They didn’t fight back

The Czechs learned from the Hungarian uprising in 1956, which resulted in severe consequences.

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27
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

Any individual country’s actions affected the whole Eastern Bloc

This doctrine justified the use of military force to maintain communist control.

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28
Q

What significant military action did Brezhnev take in response to the reforms in Czechoslovakia?

A

Invaded with 500,000 troops

This was done to prevent the spread of reforms that could threaten the Soviet influence.

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29
Q

Fill in the blank: The Brezhnev Doctrine allowed for the use of _______ troops to stop any reforms.

A

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact was a collective defense treaty among the Soviet Union and its satellite states.

30
Q

Who became the leader of Czechoslovakia in 1968?

A

Alexander Dubcek

Dubcek’s leadership marked the beginning of the Prague Spring reforms.

31
Q

What reforms did Dubcek implement during the Prague Spring?

A
  • Freedom of speech
  • Freedom of travel
  • End of censorship

These reforms aimed to create ‘socialism with a human face’.

32
Q

What did Dubcek assure Brezhnev regarding Czechoslovakia’s status in the Warsaw Pact?

A

He would not pull Czechoslovakia out of the Warsaw Pact

This was to reassure Brezhnev of Czechoslovakia’s allegiance.

33
Q

What warning did Brezhnev give to Dubcek?

A

His reforms were going too far

Brezhnev expressed concern about the implications of Dubcek’s reforms.

34
Q

What happened to Czechoslovakia in August 1968?

A

It was invaded by 50,000 Warsaw Pact troops

This invasion was a direct response to Dubcek’s reforms.

35
Q

How did the Czech people respond to the invading troops?

A

some threw flowers at the tanks, and took down road signs to confuse troops

This act symbolized their peaceful resistance.

36
Q

What was the outcome for Dubcek after the invasion?

A

He was arrested and taken to Moscow

His arrest marked the end of the Prague Spring.

37
Q

What did Dubcek have to sign following his arrest?

A

The Moscow Protocol

This document reversed his reforms in Czechoslovakia.

38
Q

Who replaced Dubcek as the leader of Czechoslovakia?

A

Gustav Husak

Husak was known for his strict leadership.

39
Q

What is the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

If any Warsaw Pact country threatens the security of the Eastern Bloc, they will be invaded by the Warsaw Pact’s army

This doctrine justified military intervention in member states.

40
Q

How did the USA respond to the Czechoslovakian Crisis?

A

They condemned Brezhnev’s actions but did not get involved

The USA was preoccupied with the Vietnam War at the time.

41
Q

What was the Reagan Doctrine?

A

Support for anti-communist groups throughout the third world, such as El Salvador and Nicaragua.

42
Q

What were the consequences of the Reagan Doctrine?

A

Increased tension with SDI, stronger U.S. approach, and invasion of Grenada.

43
Q

What was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)?

A

STARWARS!!

A program that made the USA appear to be winning the arms race.

It would conceptually have lasers from space shoot down any USSR missiles

44
Q

How did SDI influence the USSR?

A

Led to increased Soviet spending and influenced Gorbachev to seek change.

45
Q

When did Gorbachev become the leader of the USSR?

A

March 1985.

46
Q

What were Gorbachev’s new ideas introduced in 1985?

A

Glasnost and Perestroika.

47
Q

What was the significance of the Geneva Summit in November 1985?

A

First meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev that established a good relationship.

48
Q

What happened at the Reykjavik Summit in October 1986?

A

Gorbachev asked Reagan to stop SDI; it was a good meeting despite the refusal.

49
Q

What was the INF treaty signed at the Washington Summit in December 1987?

A

It abolished all land-based missiles with a range of 500km-5,500km.

50
Q

What was Gorbachev’s vision for Glasnost?

A

To have a government that is open and transparent.

51
Q

What did Perestroika aim to achieve?

A

Reorganize the state and make the economy more like capitalism.

52
Q

What doctrine did Gorbachev get rid of?

A

The Brezhnev doctrine.

53
Q

What was the significance of the Malta Summit in 1989?

A

No new agreements were made but it was seen as the end of the Cold War.

54
Q

What event in May 1989 signaled the beginning of changes in Eastern Europe?

A

Hungary removed the fence with non-Communist Austria.

55
Q

What was the Sinatra Doctrine?

A

Allowed countries to go their own way.

56
Q

What happened in November 1989?

A

The Berlin Wall fell, leading to German reunification in 1990.

57
Q

What was the outcome of the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia?

A

Communism was overthrown.

58
Q

What major event occurred on December 25, 1991?

A

Gorbachev resigned and the USSR ceased to exist.

59
Q

What was a consequence of Gorbachev’s new thinking on U.S.-Soviet relations?

A

Renewed détente with summits every year and a new INF agreement.

60
Q

Fill in the blank: Glasnost and Perestroika led to more _______ in the USSR.

A

freedom.

61
Q

True or False: The Warsaw Pact ceased to exist in 1991.

A

True.

62
Q

How many East Germans had crossed the border by 1958?

A

3 Million (1/3 of the country)

This showed the unpopularity of communism

63
Q

How did Khrushchev want to stop people leaving the country

A

By taking over West Berlin

64
Q

What was the Berlin Ultimatum

A

In 1958, Khrushchev demanded West recognise East as independent country, and Berlin to be demilitarised or he would hand control of Berlin transport to the East government.

65
Q

Where did Khrushchev agree to withdraw his ultimatum

A

Camp David Summit 1959 where he met with Eisenhower

66
Q

Why was there conflict at the Paris summit in 1960

A

USSR shot down US U2 spy plane.
US tried to cover up which led to Khrushchev walked out of the meeting

67
Q

What happened at the Vienna summit 1961

A

Khrushchev saw Kennedy as weak and reissued Ultimatum. Kennedy refused to make concessions, so nothing wras agreed

68
Q

What did SALT 1 do for nuclear weapons

A

Limited the number of nuclear weapons each superpower could have
• USA = 1500, USSR = 1550 ICBMs
• USA = 41, USSR = 42 Nuclear Subs

69
Q

What does SALT stand for

A

Strategic Arms Limitation treaty

70
Q

What happened to SALT 2

A

Because of complications following the USSR invasion of Afghanistan and the Carter Doctrine, SALT 2 was never signed

71
Q

When did Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate

A

9th November 1918

PPE 1 (1 decks)

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