history Flashcards
monday first period
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Date: June 28, 1914
Event: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated by Serbian rebels in Bosnia.
Significance: This event is often cited as the spark that ignited World War I.
Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatum to Serbia
Date: July 23, 1914
Event: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with ten demands.
Significance: This ultimatum escalates tensions between the two nations.
Serbia’s Response
Date: July 25, 1914
Event: Serbia agrees to nine out of ten demands from Austria-Hungary.
Significance: Serbia’s response is seen as conciliatory but still fails to satisfy Austria-Hungary.
Declaration of War
Date: July 28, 1914
Event: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
Significance: This marks the official start of World War I.
Russia’s Support for Serbia
Date: July 29, 1914
Event: Russia promises unconditional support to Serbia.
Significance: This commitment draws Russia into the conflict.
Germany Declares War on Russia
Date: August 1, 1914
Event: Germany declares war on Russia.
Significance: The conflict broadens as alliances begin to activate.
Germany Declares War on France
Date: August 3, 1914
Event: Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium.
Significance: The invasion of Belgium violates its neutrality.
Britain Declares War on Germany
Date: August 4, 1914
Event: Britain declares war on Germany.
Significance: Britain’s entry into the war is prompted by the violation of Belgium’s neutrality.
Austria-Hungary Declares War on Russia
Date: August 6, 1914
Event: Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.
Significance: The war continues to escalate as more nations become involved.
Japan Declares War on Germany
Date: August 23, 1914
Event: Japan declares war on Germany as an ally of Britain.
Significance: Japan’s entry expands the conflict into Asia.
The Ottoman Empire Enters the War
Date: October 19, 1914
Event: The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) enters the war on the side of Germany.
Significance: The war now involves the Central Powers in the Middle East.
Italy Switches Sides
Date: May 23, 1915
Event: Italy switches sides from the Triple Alliance to the Triple Entente.
Significance: Italy’s entry strengthens the Allied Powers against the Central Powers.
End of the War
Date: November 11, 1918
Event: The war ends.
Significance: The conclusion of World War I leads to significant geopolitical changes.
Industrial Revolution
Definition: The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
Centered on energy conversion.
Population growth led to deforestation for housing and fuel.
1760 – 1840
Coal and Mining Challenges
Coal became the primary energy source.
Mining faced difficulties in waterlogged areas.
The Steam Engine
Invented around 1700, a key innovation.
Revolutionized various industries, especially textiles
invented by Thomas Newcomen.
Transportation Innovations
1825: First steam-powered locomotive transported coal 20 km.
1830: First commercial railway (Liverpool to Manchester).
Internal Combustion Engine
Transformed transport and politics through petroleum.
Shifted the dynamics of mobility and commerce.
Impact on Agriculture
Mechanization led to the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Improved efficiency with machines like tractors.
Positive Transport Effects
Railways and steamships reduced travel time and costs.
Enhanced trade and movement of goods and people.
Urbanization and Economic Growth
Migration to cities created dynamic labor forces.
Economic growth fostered vibrant urban cultures.
Job Creation
Rise of factories led to diverse job opportunities.
Growth of the middle class due to increased wages.
Infrastructure Expansion
Investment in roads and bridges improved efficiency.
More homes were built for the population moving the major cities
Advancements in Health
Medical knowledge improved with vaccines and anesthesia.
Public health campaigns raised awareness about disease prevention.
Environmental Degradation and acts
Rapid industrialization led to pollution.
Industrial waste contaminated rivers.great london smog in 1952 highlighted the need for change
clean air act 1965 aimed to move machines out of the city
Overcrowding Issues
Urban migration caused overcrowded living conditions.
Increased rates of poverty and crime.
Exploitative Labor Conditions
long working horus 12-16 hours with low wages with child labour common in factories.
Unsanitary Living Conditions
Rapid urbanization outpaced infrastructure development.
Resulted in unstable housing and poor sanitation.
Spread of Diseases
Overcrowded conditions facilitated cholera and tuberculosis outbreaks.
Unsafe factory conditions led to accidents and health issues.
Workers rights
Early unions formed in response to exploitation.
The Combination Act (1800) prohibited workers from uniting.
Luddites and Protests and workers acts
Sabotaged factories to protest against poor conditions.
Led to gradual improvements in working conditions.
illefal trade unionism gaien traction in 1820
factory act 1833 prohibited night working and children under the age of 8 to work
parliament investigation working conditions 1830
london mens association voting rights in the peoples charter 1837
strikes in 1842
Child Labor Exploitation
Children faced dangerous working environments.
Specific roles (e.g., mule scavengers) had severe risks.
M.A.I.N. Factors - Militarism
Arms race heightened tensions among nations.
Military spending increased significantly.
policy of building up or creating a large military
naval race and dreadnoughts- Germany and England
M.A.I.N. Factors - Alliances
M.A.I.N. Factors - Alliances
Complex alliances (Triple Alliance & Triple Entente) escalated conflicts.
Created a domino effect in case of war.
an agreement berween 2 or more countries to help and protect each other in cases of war
M.A.I.N. Factors - Imperialism
Competition for colonies intensified rivalries.
Increased national tensions.
A country attempting to extend its power and influence over other countries through diplomacy or force
scramble for africa in the 1880s where britains interest clashed with germany’s interests
The July Crisis 1914
Russia backed Serbia; Germany backed Austria-Hungary.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination triggered conflict.
Invasion of Belgium
Germany invades Belgium, violating neutrality.
Britain declares war on Germany.
4th august 1914
australia in WWI
gallipoli in 1915
Prime minister WIllian Hughes elected in 1915- advocated for the war for Britain
1st conscription referndum = october 1916 against.
2nd conscriptoon referndum = decemver 1917 against
ANZAC
creation of AIF on the 15th August 1914
