History Flashcards
Roman Empire (27 BC-1453AD)
the ancient empire, centered on the city of Rome
Was established in 27 BC following the demise of Roman Republic
In 395 AD, the empire was split into two; the Western and Eastern Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire:
1. Located at the western Europe and North Africa
2. The Germanic people became the main ethnic group and beat the Western Roman Empire
3. Ended in 476 AD, ended the ancient and open the Middle Ages
4. The Frankish Kingdom became the biggest political entity after the demise of the Western Roman Empire
5. Catholicism
The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire):
1. Located at the eastern Europe, Asia Minor, and the Middle East
2. Byzantine (Constantinople) was the capitol
3. Ended by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD, meaning the end of the Middle Ages
4. Orthodox Church
Holy Roman Empire (962-1806)
- Named Roman Empire in 962-1157, Holy Roman Empire in 1157-1512, Holy Roman Empire of the German nation in 1512-1806
- Came from Kingdom of the East Franks, which split from Kingdom of Franks
- The emperor was elected by powerful nobles and bishops
- States integrated into the German nation
- In 800, Charles the Great became ‘’The emperor of Roman’’
- Ended by Kingdom of Prussia in the 19th century
Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)
- In 1300, Grew in interior Asia Minor, at the east side was Mongol Empire, at the west side was Byzantine Empire
- Bursa (Byzantine’s territory) was the first formal capitol
- In 1331, they captured Nicaea, the previous capitol of Byzantine Empire, the biggest city in Anatolia
- In 1362, they captured Adrianople and moved the capitol there, moved from Asia to Europe
- Sudan (The King of Turkey) was captured by the Mongols, they had a 11-year civil war
6.
Enlightenment Philosophy (1600s-1700s)
a European intellectual movement
Concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview
Gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics
Seven Year‘s War (1756-1763)
- the last major conflict before the French Revolution to involve all the great powers of Europe.
- France, Austria, Saxony, Sweden, and Russia versus Great Britain, Prussia, and Hanover
- can also see as a worldwide 9 years’ war (1754-1763) fought between France and Great Britain
- Great Britain won, and France lost their colonies in North American
The French Revolution (1789)
- During the reign of Louis XVI
- Because the North American colonies rebelled against British heavy taxes, France helped North American to beat British, and North American became independent successfully in 1776.
- After years of war and extravagant spending by the court, France was already heavily in debt, so they decided to raise taxes.
- the main reason of this revolution: TAX!!!!!!!
- Because the concept of the Enlightenment (Liberty, equality, fraternity) and the slogan of American revolution (No taxation without representation), civilians revolted.
- In 1789, the King of France convened the Estates-General（三級會議）, but it didn’t work. Therefore, the representatives of civilians established National Assembly（國民議會）, but they were disbanded by Louis XVI.
- 1789/7/14, the civilians attacked the Bastille（巴士底監獄）, a symbol of royal tyranny.
- then, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was declared, claiming taxes should be distributed equally.
- 激進派（左派）、保守派（右派）
- In 1791, Louis XVI was sent to the guillotine.
- they established a republic regime
- the economy of France was still a mess after the revolution. Napoleon fixed the policy of tax
Napoléon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
- a military genius, had the government’s ear and achieved a series of victories
- rose after the French Revolution
- beat Italian and Sardinian forces and gained Milan, controlling the north of Italy
- the republic government was jealous of his grace
- was appointed 東方遠征軍總司令, expedition to Egypt
- got a major victory at the battle of Marengo (1800), a war against Austria
- In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor of France
- In 1812, he invaded Russia but failed
- In 1815, failed in the battle of Waterloo
- his military, political, and legal reforms had a big impact on France and Europe. His reform of code and administrative systems established a solid basis of modern France.
Republican Ideals’ impact on artists
- Freedom of Expression: Including the freedom of thought, speech. Creativity
- Social Justice and Equality: These themes have historically inspired artists to use their work to challenge inequality, criticize oppressive regimes, and advocate for marginalized communities.
- Cultural Renaissance and National Identity: artists often played a key role in shaping the cultural narrative of new republican societies. Art became a vehicle to express national identity, ideals of citizenship, and the collective aspirations of the people
Unification of Italy (1815-1871)
Italy was unified in the 19th century through a movement known as the Risorgimento, which means “resurgence” or “revival.” The process was gradual and involved a series of wars, diplomatic efforts, and popular uprisings from the early 1800s until the final unification in 1871.
