History Flashcards
To learn history topics for year 8 exam
The development of the Aztecs in what we now know as Mexico
Aztecs arrived in whwat is now mexico in alte 1100s. By 1250 they settled near the shores of Lake Texcoco.. By 1325 the building of Tenochtitlan begun and it was built in Lake Texcoco on five swampy islands. It was very nicely built with canals, roads, and 3 long causeways leading to the city for boats/canoes. Tenochtitlan populations was around 250,000.
Schooling in Tenochtitlan
Young boys would go to school and learn to live prudently, governing and history. The girls were taught at home. When boys tearn 15 years old if they are noble children they go to calmecac (advance) and if they are commoners then they go to telpochcalli (military).
Food in Tenochtitlan
They have 2 meals a day. Army have meats and legumes. The Aztec introduced chocolate reserved for warriors and nobility and they made octli (alchahol).
Crime and Punishment in Tenochtitlan
Commoner wearing cotton lead to death. Adultery (girlfriend/boyfriend) lead to death or cutting living tree. There was a group of judges who determined such things.
Aztec warfare
Aztec vs Tlaxcala (also lived in now called Mexico). Commoners had basic fighting skills. There was also a professional warrior class where the eagle and jaguar warriors were the best. Prisoners usesd to capture/harm enemy but don’t kill.
Mythology and Religion in the Aztec Empire
They were flat earthers and the art and architecture were the religious warship. 20,000 sacrifiiced each year and they believed that if you sacrifice you go to heaven. Battle or child birth death would also lead to heaven. Peacefully dying meant to pass through the underworld first.
Agriculture in the Aztec civilisation
They used Chinampas which were like ‘floating gardens’.
Columbus’s discovery
The America was the new land and Christiphor Columbus thought to have arrived in India but had actually arrived in the Bahamas. They set out in August 1492 and discovered America in 1493-1504.
The legal conquest
Pope Alexander VI made the decree to colonise America. Tordesillas Treaty clarified regions for Spain and Portugal to colonise in America.
Hernon Cortes
He moved to Hispaniola at 19 and participated in the conquest of cuba. Cortes wanted to take over Aztecs in Mexico. Cortes gained support of the Tlaxcalans (alliance). The people of Tlaxcalans trusted Cortes because they had never seen white people before so they thought they were good, it is rumored that they thought Cortes was a god as he looked similar to a god that they believed in.
Destroying the Aztecs
Spaniads took everything. They destroyed temples and the Aztec’s religion eroded as the Spaniads wanted to convert them into christianity and if not then they would be killed. Cortes wanted to conquer the Aztecs as he thought they had ‘riches to offer’ and he could gain wealth and land. Montezuma II was the leader of the Aztecs and his own people killed him as they thought that he was not fit for ruler as he couldn’t seem to do anything against Cortes.
Conquering the Inca Civilisation
The Inca and Maya civilizations arised and were soon taken over by the Spaniads. It took about 40 years to conquer the Inca civilisation.
Conquering the Maya civilisation
The Maya civilization is made up of independent city states so the Spanish had to conquer each one individually which took a long time. It took 150 years to conquer the whole of Maya.
Columbian Exchange
Trades that opened up between America and Europe. Tomatoes, potatoes, corn and tobacco were discovered during this time and were traded through the Columbian Exchange. Bananas, coffee beans, horses were brought to americas. Disease brought killed many indigenous people.
Encomienda system
Labourers offered tributes in return for protection and Christianisation. Forced labour and land seizur. The pacific ocean had potential for a major trade routes for the Spanish. Silk, spices, sliver and slaves were traded from Asia to Americas to Europe.
Expansion and Conflict
Spain, Great Britain and France were most active in the war for americas. Other countries saw americas as a opportunity for wealth as they saw spain succeed.
The end of new Spain
For 3 centuries Spain had ruled most of North America. By 1820’s most of the colonies got independence. In 1810’s Mexico got independant from Spain. In 1898 Spanish were defeated by the United States.
Impact on the Aztecs
Population decline due to diseases, slavery and malnutrition. 90% of population decline by 1600s. Tradition and culture gets taken away form them (the Aztecs): arts, music and languages. Codex design (pictures) changed to text-base and the Encomedia system led to the mixing of Aztec, Mayan and Incan cultures. Converting to Christianity was a major factor in the cultural loss.
Slavery
The Aztec slavery is different to European slavery as slaves could have possessions and buy their freedom, they could sell themselves into slavery to pay debts, even murderers = slaves to family of the victims and chilidren of slaves were automatically slaves. If an Aztec person was not a christian then they were a slave.
Language and religion
After take over the most spoken language was Spanish. North and South America = speak spanish except brazil who speak portugguese because of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Why did the conquestadors want to colonise america
Expand their empires, foreign territories and to claim wealth, power, and religious converts. The conquestadors were sent by Spain after Montezuma II was killed and the Spain had before been kicked out. The conquestadors consisted of the Spanish and Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizzaro.
Feudalism
Social order of/in medieval europe.
Feudal system connections
The Monarch (kings and queens) give land and other privileges to the Tenants-in-chief. The Tenant-in-chief pledged their loyalty money and prayers and provided fully equipped knights to serve for a term in the monarch’s army. They also give land and other privileges to the Sub-tenants. Sub-tenants guard the property of tenant-in-chief and protected them. They also give allocated spare land to the Peasants. The Peasants work the land of the Sub and Tenants in chief. They also paid taxes in the form of crops. The Peasants = Free serfs and those bound to lords. Sub-tenants = knights and lesser clergy. Tenants-in-chief = lords and bishops. The Monarch = kings and queens.
Mutual obligation
When two parties agree to both give and receive from eachother.
How can you get more marks for a question?
BE MORE SPECIFIC: For example, a question may ask to describe the role of women in medieval europe. Instead of saying ‘house chores’ and getting one mark you could say ‘preserving food, making meals/dishes, walk the animals/clean the pens/feed the animals, care for children and helped with farm work’. That is worth 5 marks. BE MORE SPECIFIC :)
Noble women life and Peasant women life
They married at young (up to 12). They were expected to make a male heir but childbirth was risky. For peasant women their jobs were to preserve food, making meals/dishes, walk the animals/clean the pens/feed the animals, care for children and helped with farm work.
Differences between noble and peasant women
Peasant women worked and had household duties whereas noble women did not.
Mounted warriors
On a horse and are meant to terrorise and destroy foot soldiers. Have armor and different weapons.
Foot soldiers
Different weapons, armor and travel on foot.
Changes to feudalism
The merchant class rised as they started to trade overseas. Banks were made. There was a risk of robbers who would kill then steal. Guilds were formed. Apprentices were formed.
Long-term effect of black death
Growth of medicine - dissection of human corpse, developing medicine and surgical practices.
Sanitation and public health - laws made to prevent littering and waste disposal.
Religion - Power of Catholic church reduced
Class changes- peasant and workers demanding their rights for higher wages.
Language - People shifted from speaking Latin and French to English.
Who were the flagellants?
Religious group that travelled around whipping themselves with steel-tipped whips.
Scapegoating treatment
Jews blamed for causing the spread of black death
Medicine experiments that were used for the black plague
Bloodletting, leeches, cutting buboes, smelling herbs, curing sound.
Quarantine treatment
Ships quarantined for 40 days if suspected of carrying the disease
How did the black death start and spread?
- Black death struck Europe in 14th century
- It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and transmitted through fleas infesting black rates
- It originated in Central Asia and arrived in Sicily through trade routes.
- 3 types - bubonic, pneumonic, septicemic
Community justice
The community was hierarchical and lords would often dispense justice when needed.
Hue and cry
When a crime is committed, observers/bystanders called out an alarm (hue and cry) and neighbours were to catch the criminal.
Tithing
Every man over 12 was in thithing group of ten households to make sure the law was not broken. Broken then criminal was taken local manorial court for justice.
The posse comitatus
If criminal runs, local sheriff would call group of men who chased him.
Minor crimes (list atleast 5)
Stealing firewood
Nagging on’es husband
Beating a wife
Infidelity
Gossiping
Cheating one’s customers
Allowing one’s animals to damage others farm
Public drunkennes
Telling lies
Swearing
Failing to go to church
No work on sunday unless looking after farm animals
Punishments for minor crimes
Pay fine to lord
Work for lord
Hair cut off
Stocks and pillories where villagers threw rubbish or rotten food at them.
If merchant cheats customers they were given a bad ale by a brewer to drink and rest poured on head.
Food sellers dragged through villagers with the food tied around their necks.
Minor crime punishments for woman
Nagging husband - Ducking stool or forced to wear scold’s bridle.
Scold’s bridle
The scold’s bridle is a metal mask that is put on and attached to a string which another person is holding. They can pull on the string and the mask will hit the face and sometimes the mask can have nails on it.
Stocks/Pillories
Stocks was a wooden board that had a hole for a face to go through and for two hands to go through. The person had to stand there for days as the villagers threw things at them.
Ducking stool
Woman strapped to chair and dunked in water/river from a decent height.
Major crime (list atleast 5)
Hunting on royal land without permission
Treason (Fraud)
Murder
Arson
Mugging
Forgery
Blasphemy
Critisising the Church
Theft
Heresy
Punishments for major crimes
Mutilation (theft)
Death by hanging (murder)
Death by being burnt alive at the stake (treason, heresy)
Death by being hanged, drawn and quartered (high treason)
Sometimes criminals were bricked up behind a wall and left to starve for death
Punishment for criticising the church
- Guilty of heresy
- Most serious crime dealt in church courts
- Heretics were burnt and tortured to gain a confession
Punishments for theft
Theft = most common crime back then
Ordeal by fire = Put hand in hot water or red-hot iron or arm over blazing fire
Trial by Ordeal
Ordeal by water = thrown in water and if sank = innocent and if rise = guilty as god rejected them.
Ordeal by combat = Only used for nobles. Fight!
Ordeal by fire = put hand in hot water or red-hot iron or arm over blazing fire
Discouraging crime
All punishments were commited in public. Gibbets used where person were sat in cages in the village in the sky hung and body is inside and and rots as they put them there after they are dead.
Torture methods
The rack
The chair
The thumbscrew
The heist
The ladder
The rack
The rack pulled arms and legs until body ripped.
The chair
A chair with hundreds of spikes. Sometimes slow fire was lie underneath the chair.
The thumbscrew
Victim’s thumbs was placed inside and pressure was applied until spikes crush the victim’s thumb
The hoist
Arms tied behind back and they are pulled up and shoulders may be dislocated severly
The water treatment
Linen strip placed in mouth to keep it open and water is poured to give them a choking sensation
Pope
Head of catholic church who lived in Rome
Catholism
The main Christian religion in Medieval Europe.
Mass
Once a week peeople assembled where the priest would tell them how to live
Priests
The people in the church who gave the speeches
Wealth of the Church
The Church reveived tax (tithe) from villagers : 10% of person’s income
Depictions of heaven and hell
They were treated as places eternity would be spent living.
Hell - Fire, devil, mistreatment and rudeness.
Heaven - Peaceful, kind, God, Jesus, Beautiful and friendly (even animals)
Heresy or blasphemy is a major crimes and a ticket to hell
Purgratory
Where heaven or hell is decided
The church controlling education
Only clergy could read
They controlled education and made sure too much was not learnt so curiosity of religion does not arise
Church Hierarchy
Pope
Cardinals
Bishops/Archbishops
Priests, Monks and Nuns
When was the black plague
Mid 1300’s
Where did the black plague happen
Middle east, Africa and Europe
How was the black plague caused
Infected from rats
Other names for the black plague
‘The great dying’ or ‘the plague’ or ‘black death’
Bubonic black plauge
It was the most common
Pus-filled lumps called ‘buboes’ appear in the armpits, groin and neck.
Pneumonic plague
Attacked the lungs and was always fatal to the victim.
Septicaemic plague
Attacked bloodstream
Purple-black blotches appear on skin
Multiplied so fast the victim would die just hours of being infected
What is the most dangerous form of the plague?
Pneumonic
Origins of the plague
The plague was thought to have spread in Messina, Sicily and somewhere else in Asia somewhere (likely the Gobi desert or Hubei in China) The most popular theory is that is started due to climate change which forced rodents to move and they carried the fleas with them.
How did the plauge spread?
When a flea was infected it’s feeding tube would get blocked. It would become very hungry. It would try to feed on blood of the host (animals + humans) but can’t swallow. The bacteria would mix with the blood.
Diagram of the spreading of the plague
Fleas —- Black rats/rats —- Humans + animals.
Where was the first outbreak in Asia?
Mongolia (Gobi desert) and in Hubei (central China) 1334.
The siege of Caffa
Genoa toook over Caffa. Tartars (Mongolians) attacked them. The Mongolians catapulted the black death diseased people in catapults and launched them into the other army causing the disease to spread and people to die.
Spread in the Middle East
Warriors returning to Bagnad from the battle at Tabriz in northern Persia had the disease. After Alexandria was infected in 1347, Palestine and Syria got infected which spread the disease further.
Spread in europe date and how
Trade.
1348.
Spread in North America
Alexandria
Tunish trade with Sicily
Morocco tried to conquer Tunis but failed and Tunis had the disease.
Medical treatments (list atleast 5)
Blood letting + use of leeches
Cut into the buboes
Smeeling of nice things like fragrant flowers or human waste
Doctores wore long hooded robs and face masks with a beeck on the front
‘Cure of sound’
Prayers, Speels and charms
Drink own urine
Effective treatments
Quarantine = 40 days
In Venice, ships who are infected had to stay on an island next to the city
Islamic religion said to not flee the plague, but to stay where you are to prevent the spreading.
Religious responses
The plague was believed to be a punishment of sins.
Flagellants
They went around hurting themselves to make god forgive them. Spread disease quickly due to whipping and other tortuure methods.
Growth of medicine
After the medieval europe, doctors started to disect and discover the human body.
Class changes
Feudalism ened and the middle-class arose and people wanted a better lifestyle
Right to disagree
In democracy - we have freedom of speech and conscience and association and assembly and the right to disagree
Expressing dissent
Taking part in demostrations, rallies and petitions. Influencing change in policies
Identifying issues of concern (to help you stay innocent and obey the law)
Recognise laws, policies, practices that conflict with core values, human rights
How to take direct action
Take part in public demonstrations to draw attention of the government
How do we form a government?
National gov
State gov
Local gov
The election system
We elect representatives to make laws.
We can vote for: commonwealth parliament, state/territory parliament and local council.
Preferential voting
Voters nominate candidates in order of highest to lowest. In full preferential voting this means numbering each candidate on a voting slip from high to low. In optional preferential voting, we can just nominate their main preferences without numbering.
Proportional representation
Senate elections use this. Voters may vote ‘above the line’ or ‘below the line’. Select atleast 6 boxes above line and atleast 12 below the line.
Above the line are the parties and below are the candidates in parties.
Structure of Aussie gov
Top to bottoms:
Constitution of Aus
to Governor-General, Legislative branch and Judicial branch.
Governor-General to Executive branch to Federal executive council to current minister or previous ministers to Government Departments (this process is to make law come in books).
Legislative branch (from before) to Parliament of Aus to either House of representatives or Senate (this process is to make laws).
Judicial branch (from before) to High Court to other Federal Councils (this process is to make laws be implemented.)
What do the members of parliament in the local community do?
Members of parliament in the local community:
Members of parliament interact with local people and address local concerns and listening community development.
Visit schools, sporting clubs, community groups.
How do the government help the community?
Help with immigration, tax, health and education as well as service like shops, parks etc.
Helping with petitions to the house of representatives
Help to prepare petition.
How are government formed and lost?
- Parliamentary majority:
When a party or coalition (group of parties) have support of over 50% of the members in the House of Representatives. - THE ROLE OF THE OPPOSITION:
The official opposition is the party or coalition which has the next highest number of seats. If the government loses their place then the opposing party takes it and their leader becomes the prime minister.The purpose of the Opposition is to carefully examine, criticise and challenge the government in power. - HUNG PARLIAMENT
A hung parliament occurs when no party or group has over 50 per cent of the seats in the House of Representatives.
This means that no party can pass laws without getting support from independents.
During a hung parliament, the two main parties or coalitions will attempt to convince independents to support them so that they can get the 76 seats needed for a majority.
Federal - Law stages
Can make laws on behalf of the whole Australia: Marriage, communication, tax etc…
State-level - Law stages
Electricity, Roads, agriculture, mining, train tracks etc… They make laws on behalf of the state.
Local (Councils)
Parks, hospitals, environments etc… They cover suburbs.
Laws definition
Laws are the legal rules that act as guidelines for behaviour.
Non-legal
Non-legal rules are made by different groups within society eg. parents, school or sporting group.
Legal laws
Made by law-making bodies and enforced through courts. Not obeyed = punishments.
Characteristics of Effective Laws
- Reflects society’s values
- Enforceable
- Clear and understood
- Relatively simple
- Known
Clear and understood
The language must be clear and it some people can not read/understand English it is transcripted to make people understand.
Ignorance of law
Saying you didn’t know a law is not a valid excuse.
Stable laws
Laws must be stable and last a long time and not change frequently.
Statue laws
Most laws are made by federal and state parliaments
What two sections do most parliament houses composed of?
Upper and lower houses
The bill
Laws are made by a bill that passes through both houses (upper and lower).
A law made by parliament
Legislation, statue or act.
First step in the law making process
A proposed new law, or changed law, is discussed in Cabinet. Often, people in Australia put pressure on the government to change something. A desicion is then made on what to do.
Second step in law making process
Once decided, government lawyers draft a bill.
Third step in law making process
‘First Reading’ - Everyone in the lower house get a copy of the bill to read.
Fourth step in law making process
‘Second reading’ - Minister of department related to the bills explains the law and its benefits speakers of both parties debate for the law. Then voting takes places and if there is a majority the bill is passed on to the next stage.
Fifth step in the law making process
‘Consideration in Detail’ - Bill is debated and changes are made if necessary.
Sixth step of law making
‘Third reading’ - A vote is taken and if there’s majority the Bill is passed.
Seventh step in law making process
Upper house does the same procedure (from steps 3-6) and If changes are made then sent back again. If Senate approves then passed to Governor general.
Eighth step in law making process
Once approved by the Governor General, the Bill becomes Act of parliament.
Executive law
A govt minister is given power by the legislation to make detailed rules and regulation about the passed law.
Secondary legislation
Subordinate authorities are appointed by the Parliament to make laws in their expertise area.
Legislation
An existing law - laws made by the parliament
Globalisation
The other world effects the traditions of our country
Cultural Homogenisation
The process of which culture is changed because of the outside countries
Common laws
When courts make laws when there is no legislation regulating that law making a new precendent
Precedent
When a desicion is made by a judge it is recorded and other judges in other cases will refer to these notes for support to make a desicion for their case
Order of the thinking of a judge during the court
Disput before court to: is there relevant legislation?
From there yes goes to apply legislation and make a desicion.
From there no goes to is there a past case with similar facts (precedent). From here no means create new precedent (common law) and then desicion. If yes then is it a binding on current case? From here yes means apply and desicion. From here if no then is it persuasive? From there yes means decide to use or create new precendent then desicion.
Magistrates Court
At the bottom = Council/local
District court
Second last. It exists in most states and sits only in the main cities. It is for districts.
Supreme court
Second court and is in the capital city of each state. It is for states.
High court
Most powerful court and is in Canberra. There is only 1.
Binding precedent
When superior courts (high courts and supreme courts) they can create new legal principles that must be followed by lower courts
Responsibilities of Aus citizens
Defend Australia if necessary
Serve on jury duty if summoned
Vote in federal and state or territory elections, and in referendums
Follow and obey the law
Respect the rights of Australia
Responsibilities of a global citizen (list atleast 3)
Takes responsibility of their actions
Understands how the world works in all aspects (economically, socially etc…)
Willingness to act to make the world a more sustainable place.
Respects and values diversity
Outraged by social injustice
Participates in and contributes to the community at a range of levels from local to global
Awareness of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizens.
