history Flashcards
European Union established
1 november 1993
treaty of dunkirk - when, who, why
1947,
France + UK,
deffensive alliance
treaty of brussels
1948,
France, UK, BENELUX
NATO
4 april 1949
FRA, UK, BENELUX, USA, CAN, POR, ITA, NOR, DEN, ICE
Schuman Plan
may 1950
proposed Fra-Ger Coal and Steel coop.
Treaty od Paris
april 1951,
ECSC signed
ECSC
july 1952 established
with High Authority, Common Assembly, Special Council of Ministers, Court of Justice
valid for 50 years (until 2002)
Treaties of Rome
march 1957 signed, 1958 into force
1. European Economic Community (EEC)
free movement of workers and capital, customs union, establishment of common market
2. European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC) - later Euratom
establishment and growth of nuclear industries
(established 1958)
- unlimited validity both
EEC provisions
- The elimination of customs duties between Member States;
- The establishment of an external Common Customs Tariff;
- The introduction of common policies for agriculture and transport;
- The creation of a European Social Fund;
- The establishment of a European Investment Bank;
- The development of closer relations between the Member States.
Merger Treaty
1965 signed, 1967 into force
established a single institutional structure for ECSC, EEC and EAEC
- treaty establishing a SINGLE COUNCIL and a SINGLE COMMISSION of the EU communities
de Gaulle’s role
vetoes UK membership (officially - fear of UK being trojan horse for US influence; others thought he fears being deprived of leadership)
empty chair crisis
1965
de Gaulle opposed shift to QMV
French ministers refused to participate in the Council’s meetings
Luxembourg compromise ended it
Paris Summit
1974
established European Council
direct elections to EP (1979 held 1st time)
Single European Act (SEA)
1986 signed, 87 entered into force
new range of competences (enviro, research&development, economic&social cohesion)
expanded decision-making role of EP
Treaty of Maastricht = Treaty on EU
1992 signed, 1 nov 1993 established
- established EU
- based on EU Communities
- pillar based:
1 - european community
- promote development of economic activities, high level of employment and social protection and equality between men and women
2 - common foreign and security policy
- safeguard common values, independence of Union according to UN charter, to strengthen security of union, to promote international coop.
3 - justice and home affairs
- common asylum policy, controlling immigration, creation of Europol, external borders controls, combating terrorism, drug trafficking
Treaty of Amsterdam
1997 signed, 1999 into force
- failed on enlargement issues
- increased powers for Union
- stronger coop in foreign and security policy
- stronger position for EP
- increased law making power through co-decision with the C
- more control over Comm
- closer coop among MS
- simplification - removed outdated provisions from treaties
- enlargement
- set max size for EP + increased use of QMV for the C
- protocol on implementing subsidiarity principle
- enhanced transparency (access to docs + more open the C sessions)
Treaty of Nice
2001 signed, 2003 into force
- introduced yellow card
- dealt with leftovers from Amsterdam - size and composition of the Comm., weighting of votes in the C, extension of QMV
- maximum sizes of EP, Commission
- reforms on competences of CofJ
euro
introduction 2002
11 MS
Laeken Declaration
2001
how to reform EU without IGCs => established European convention (convention on the future of Europe)
transparent (everything posted on Internet) but failed to attract media attention
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TEC)
signed 2004 at the Convention on the Future of Europe
- not ratified by NL and FR in referendum - 2 years long period of reflection -> not ratified
- designed to replace all existing treaties
- abolished 3 pillars
- 5 parts (1preamble, 2first part fundamentals of the EU - institutions, competences, procedures, 3second part charter of fundamental rights, 4third part detailed rules expanding on part I - longest, 5fourth part final act - revision and ratification procedures)
- started using OLP + more QMV (still unanimity for sensitive issues)
brought constitutional crisis
Treaty of Lisbon
2007 signed, 2009 into force
- amending treaty - altered TEU and TEC=later TFEU (Treaty on the functioning of EU)
- OLP as default procedure from co-decision
- QMV was simplified, unanimity still remained
- introduced blocking minority scheme (4 or more states to oppose)
- 18 month group presidency in C
- dropped constitutional language
- at first not ratified by IRL but later yes
- EP (increased power)
- the European Council (formalised) - long-term president (2,5 years)
- High Representative (VP/HR)
1st enlargement
NORTHERN
1973
Denmark, Ireland, UK
- assymetrical relationship between EU and applicants
2nd enlargement
MEDITERRANEAN
1981 - Greece
1986 - Portugal, Spain
- not net contributors to EU budget
3rd enlargement
EFTA
1995
Austria, Finland, Sweden
- least controversial - all wealthy democracies
4th enlargement
EASTERN
2004 - Cyprus, CZ, Estonia, H, Pol, Lat, Lithuania, Malta, SK, SL
2007 - Bulgaria, Romania
- most complex (end of Cold war and communism)
- introduced Copenhagen Criteria
- More right-based – everyone has right to join
- More formal, rule of law, integrity + Copenhagen criteria etc.
- Not values because they were post-communist countries
- More theoretical
5th enlargement
BALKAN
2013
Croatia
- more unstable region
- enlargement is no longer a priority
- More right-based – everyone has right to join
- More formal, rule of law, integrity + Copenhagen criteria etc.
- Not values because they were post-communist countries
- More theoretical
