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Finals > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

Plateau

A

– A raised by flat region

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2
Q

Savanna

A

– Above+below the equator, grassland w/scattered trees, animals/herds, wet/dry

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3
Q

Natural resources

A

– Natural materials that people can use to meet their needs

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4
Q

Labor specialization

A

– With a food surplus not everyone had to be a farmer…other professions…

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5
Q

Trans – Saharan

A

Across the Sahara, trade

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6
Q

Conquest

A

Capturing something, especially during war

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7
Q

Prosperity

A

Economic well-being

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8
Q
  1. Caravan
A

A large group that travels together

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9
Q

Conduct

A

The way that one acts

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10
Q

Scholarship

A

Formal study and learning

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11
Q
  1. Commercial
A

Having to do with trade and business

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12
Q
  1. Legacy
A

– An influence from the past

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13
Q
  1. Griots
A

– Professional storytellers and oral historians who are the keepers of West African history, often sung

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14
Q
  1. Stele
A

– A grand stone pillar

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15
Q
  1. Greco-Roman
A

– Greek and Roman influence

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16
Q
  1. Monks
A

– Men who dedicate themselves to worshipping God

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17
Q
  1. Tradition
A

– Long established custom or practice

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18
Q
  1. Dynasty
A

– Ruling family, one generation to the next

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19
Q
  1. Stonetowns
A

– Multi-story stone houses, Swahili city-states

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20
Q
  1. Caste
A

– Social class

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21
Q
  1. Kinship
A

– Connection based on family relationships

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22
Q
  1. Lineage
A

– A group of people descended from a common ancestor

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23
Q
  1. Ethnic Group
A

– A social unit with the same culture, language, and identity

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24
Q
  1. Diversity
A

– Variety

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25
Q
  1. Oral Tradition
A

– Used spoken stories or histories to teach and entertain

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26
Q
  1. Proverbs
A

– Wise sayings

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27
Q
  1. Polyrhythmic Drumming
A

– 2 or more different rhythms at the same time

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28
Q
  1. Transmission
A

– The passing on of something, such as stories or histories

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29
Q

When was the Classical Period?

A

500 AD, Greeks and Romans

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30
Q

When was Pax Romana?

A

30 BC - 180 AD, started with Augustus’ rule

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31
Q

When was the Fall of Rome?

A

476 AD

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32
Q

When was the Great Schism?

A

1054, Church splits

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33
Q

When did the Byzantine Empire Fall?

A

1453

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34
Q

What was Japan?

A

A group of Islands in the Pacific, about 120 miles of the mainland of China, the population is about 120 million, homogenous.

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35
Q

What is a Regent?

A

Someone who governs a country in the name of a ruler who is unable to rule, a substitute King/Queen

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36
Q

What is a Shogun?

A

Japan’s supreme military commander

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37
Q

What is a Samarai?

A

“Those who serve”, highly trained Japanese warriors

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38
Q

What is Bushido?

A

“The way of the warrior”, ideals that governed samurai warriors, official code in the 1600’s

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39
Q

What is Shinto?

A

Traditional religion of Japan, “The way of the gods”, often combined with elements of Buddhism.

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40
Q

What is a Shrine?

A

Places of worship.

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41
Q

What is Mantra?

A

A sacred word, sound or chant that is repeated over and over to advance one’s spiritual growth.

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42
Q

What is Homogeneous?

A

The same, Japan.

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43
Q

What is Heterogeneous?

A

Different, the United States

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44
Q

What was the Byzantine empire?

A

An empire named after the place where its capital Constantinople was built, Byzantium. Most famous emperor/empress were Justinian and Theodora.

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45
Q

Who is the Pope?

A

Father, head of the Catholic Church

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46
Q

What was the Great Schism?

A

1054, the Churches of the East and West split, Eastern Orthodox Church (east)/Catholic Church (west), SPLIT

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47
Q

What is Polytheism?

A

Worshiping many Gods, Ancient Greece/Rome/Hinduism

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48
Q

What are the Gladiators?

A

Fighters to the death, public entertainment, Rome

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49
Q

What is the New Testament

A

The body of work added to the Old Testament by Christians

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50
Q

What are the Gospels?

A

First 4 books of the New Testament, describes the life/teachings of Jesus from 4 perspectives

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51
Q

What are the Parables?

A

Stories with a moral, Jesus often used parables to explain lessons, parables are used across cultures/religions.

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52
Q

What is the Trinity?

A

God’s 3 forms, God the father/Jesus the son/the holy spirit; Christian belief.

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53
Q

What are Denominations?

A

Religious groups, there are thousands of religious denominations in the world

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54
Q

Mercenary -S

.

A

Mercenary - Soldiers for hire, people who kill for pay

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55
Q

Veto -

A

I say no, I forbid, a way to cancel a law/bill; Roman consuls had this right, tribune of the plebs did too, so does the President of the US

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56
Q

Patriarchal society -

A

Men hold the power, Rome

57
Q

Civil War -

A

A war between groups that live in the same country, Rome and the US had Civil Wars

58
Q

Julius Caesar –

A

Fought in a civil war against Pompey. He won. He took care of the poor but he also made himself dictator which angered many senators who wanted to keep the Roman Republic (elected leaders) as it was. A group of senators killed Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, March 15, 44 BC.

59
Q

Augustus -

A

After Julius’s death, Octavian defeated his rival, Mark Antony, changed his name to Augustus (“Dignified One”), and then became Rome’s first emperor.

60
Q

Greece’s geography –

A

A hand in the sea, separated by mountains/seas/rivers/hills. Lots of fishing and olive trees, these natural divisions caused city-states to develop independently…

61
Q

Hellenistic -

A

Greek-like

62
Q

Socratic Method -

A

Socrates, a question and answer method of learning/teaching

63
Q

Hypothesis

A

– Logical guess

64
Q

Hippocratic Oath

A

– Still guides doctors today, Doctors will use their knowledge/skill in ethical ways

65
Q

Philosophy

A

– Lover of wisdom

66
Q

Oligarchy

A

– Government in which a small group of people rule, Sparta

67
Q

Polis –

A

City-State, each had its own government and traditions, Sparta/Athens

68
Q

Citizen –

A

Landowning men, merchants, (sometimes tenant farmers), could participate in political process

69
Q

Democracy –

A

A government by the people, people’s rule

70
Q

Homer –

A

Blind Greek poet, Odyssey/Illiad

71
Q

Virgil –

A

Writer, Aeneid, commissioned by Augustus to write a founding story for Rome

72
Q

Aesop –

A

A Greek slave from the island of Samos (500 BCish…), he was freed as a reward for his learning, traveled telling fables, Aesop’s Fables

73
Q

Sophocles –

A

Greek writer, Antigone and Oedipus Rex, tragedies

74
Q

Aristotle –

A

Realized the earth is round,

75
Q

Hippocrates –

A

Believe that all diseases have natural causes, created a standard of conduct for doctors

76
Q

Battle of Marathon

A

– 490 BC, 20,000 Persians vs. Athens at Marathon, Athens wins/NIKE

77
Q

Battle of Salamis –

A

480 BC, Xerxes led 100,000 Persians vs. Sparta at Thermopylae, then against Athens at Salamis, Persians lost

78
Q

Delian League –

A

Athens and 150 allies together to fight against invaders supposed to be equal partners but were not, met at Delos

79
Q

Peloponnesian League –

A

Sparta and its allies, these were mostly oligarchies

80
Q

Pericles -

A

450s BC, paid citizens to participate on juries, this allowed people who were not rich to participate in civic duties. Pericles gave a famous speech in which he said all Athenians were equal in the eyes of the law. Pericles was a fan of citizenship, the idea that rights and responsibilities came from living in a city-state like Athens.

81
Q

Draco -

A

an aristocratic leader in Athens, created a legal code of punishments for all offenses (in blood). The word draconian describes a punishment that is too harsh from a minor offense.

82
Q

Xerxes –

A

Persian leader, like his father Darius, wanted to add Greece to his empire, battle of Thermopylae and Salamis, defeated.

83
Q

Darius –

A

Persian leader, wanted to add Greece to his empire, attacked Athens at Marathon, lost

84
Q

King Leonidas –

A

Spartan king who held the Persians off for days at Thermopylae, lost, but remembered by history as a courageous effort against overwhelming odds.

85
Q

Philip II of Macedonia –

A

took over Macedonia in 359 BC after his brother, the king, died. His brother’s son was too young to rule so Philip was elected king. He organized a great army. The soldiers were disciplined and used phalanxes, sarissas. Philip decided it was time to defeat the Greeks. When diplomacy did not work, he went to war. In 338 BC Philip and his son, Alexander, defeated a combined army of Thebes and Athens. Philip was assassinated right before he was about to invade Persia.

86
Q

Alexander the Great -

A

Son of Philip II of Macedonia and Olympias, owned a horse that was afraid of the sun named Bucephalus, Alexander gained the throne at age 20, after his father’s assassination. He was a brilliant young man, tutored by Aristotle. Alexander read the Iliad and wanted to be like the Greek hero Achilles. Alexander crushed rebellions within his empire by burning rebellious cities like Thebes to the ground. In 334 BC Alexander took 30,000 foot soldiers and 5,000 cavalry to conquer Asia. Alexander won his soldiers’ loyalty by fighting beside them. Alexander acquired Egypt, and the Persian Empire by 330 BC. He earned the nickname “Alexander the Great”. Alexander wanted to add India to his empire, his soldiers wanted to return home. Alexander died in 323 BC, age 32, of a fever.

87
Q

Zeus -

A

King of the Gods, husband of Hera, brother of Hera, Demeter, Hestia, Poseidon, and Hades (Jupiter), FATHER OF MANY…Hermes, Artemis, Apollo, Demeter, Athena…..

88
Q

Hera -

A

Queen of the Gods, wife of Zeus, sister of Zeus, Hestia, Demeter, Hades, and Poseidon (Juno)

89
Q

Athena -

A

Goddess of wisdom, daughter of Zeus/Metis (Minerva)

90
Q

Apollo -

A

Sun God, son of Zeus/Leto, twin of Artemis (Apollo)

91
Q

Artemis -

A

Goddess of the moon/hunt, daughter of Zeus/Leto, twin of Apollo (Diana)

92
Q

Poseidon -

A

God of the sea, trident, brother of Zeus, Hades, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter (Neptune)

93
Q

Hades –

A

God of the Underworld, miserly, married to Persephone for half the year (Pluto)

94
Q

Ares -

A

God of war (Mars)

95
Q

Aphrodite -

A

Goddess of love and beauty, wife of Hephaestus (Venus)

96
Q

Hermes -

A

Messenger god, son of Zeus/Maia (Mercury)

97
Q

Demeter -

A

Goddess of crops, sister of Hera/Zeus/Poseidon/Hades/Hera; mom of Persephone (Ceres)

98
Q

Hephaestus -

A

Smith god, husband of Aphrodite (Vulcan)

99
Q

Hestia -

A

Goddess of Hearth, sister of Hera, Demeter, Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades (Vesta)

100
Q

Cupid –

A

Boy-God of love, son of Aphrodite

101
Q

Dionysus –

A

God of wine and all things delicious (Bacchus)

102
Q

Odyssey/Aeneid –

A

Adventures after the Trojan War (10 years, Greeks vs. Trojans, Greeks win)

103
Q

Odysseus -

A

King of Ithaca, Trojan War, Trojan horse, Greek (Ulysses)

104
Q

Penelope -

A

Wife of Odysseus, Greek

105
Q

Telemachus –

A

Son of Odysseus/Penelope

106
Q

Aeneas –

A

A man led by Fate…Rome

107
Q

Anchises –

A

Father of Aeneas, carried from the ruins of Troy

108
Q

Iulus –

A

Son of Aeneas/Creusa

109
Q

Menelaus -

A

King of Sparta, married to Helen, Greek

110
Q

Agamemnon -

A

King of Mycenae, Brother of Menelaus, Greek

111
Q

Helen -

A

The face that launched 1,000 ships, most beautiful woman in the world, married to Menelaus, Greek

112
Q

Priam –

A

King of Troy, husband of Hecuba, father of Hector/Cassandra/Paris/others…

113
Q

Hecuba –

A

Queen of Troy, wife of Priam, mother of many, knew the future and tried to prevent it

114
Q

Paris –

A

Son of Priam/Hecuba, stole Helen

115
Q

Hector –

A

Greatest Trojan Warrior, son of Priam/Hecuba

116
Q

Cassandra –

A

Daughter of Priam/Hecuba, could see the future but nobody would listen

117
Q

Queen Dido –

A

Refugee from Tyre, Queen of Carthage, “girlfriend” of Aeneas….

118
Q

Achilles –

A

Great Greek warrior, weak ankle

119
Q

Fate –

A

Strongest power of all

120
Q

Charybdis –

A

Dangerous whirlpool, pulls ships down and spits them up in pieces

121
Q

Scylla –

A

6 headed dog faced monster

122
Q

Cyclops –

A

One eyed giants, Mt. Etna

123
Q

Charon –

A

Ferryman of the underworld, pay him a fee!

124
Q

Cerberus –

A

3 headed guard dog of the Underworld

125
Q

Styx –

A

Unlovely river in the Underworld

126
Q

Mount Olympus –

A

Home of the Gods

127
Q

Muhammad –

A

Believed he received a message from the angel Gabriel, from God. These were written down into the Quran. Muhammad said he was the messenger of God. He died in 632.

128
Q

The Muslim Empire

A

The Muslim Empire stretched around the Mediterranean Sea - North Africa, Middle East, Asia Minor, and Northern India. Leaders were caliphs and sultans. Those who thought that Abu Bakr should follow Muhammad became known as Sunni Muslims. Those who thought that Ali should follow Muhammad were Shia.

129
Q

Sharia - “

A

The Way”, laws from the Quran having to do with family, business, diet, and politics.

130
Q

Islam -

A

submission

131
Q

Quran –

A

Islam’s holy book (Old Testament is Jew’s holy book, Old and New Testament/Bible for Christians)

132
Q

Mosque -

A

Muslim house of worship

133
Q

Monotheism –

A

Worship one God - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

134
Q

5 Pillars of Islam –

A

Belief, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage

135
Q

Belief -

A

There is no God but God/Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of God

136
Q

Prayer -

A

It is a religious duty to pray 5 times a day

137
Q

Charity

A
  • Muslims must share their wealth with the less fortunate
138
Q

Fasting -

A

Ramadan - no eating or drinking between daybreak and sunset

139
Q

Pilgrimage -

A

Hajj, journey to the holy city of Mecca, at least

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