History Flashcards
Subsidiary Alliance
Lord Wellesley - 1798-1905
between EIC and princely state
by virtue of which the Indian kingdoms lost their sovereignty to the English. It also was a major process that led to the building of the British Empire in India. It was framed by Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805. It was actually used for the first time by the French Governor-General Marquis Dupleix.
The Nawab of Awadh was the first ruler to enter into the subsidiary alliance with the British after the Battle of Buxar. However, the Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept a well-framed subsidiary alliance.
Order in which Indian state enter into subsidiary alliance- also termed as non interventionist policy
Hyderabad (1798)
Mysore (1799 – After Tipu Sultan was defeated in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War)
Tanjore (1799)
Awadh (1801)
Peshwa (Marathas) (1802)
Scindia (Marathas) (1803)
Gaekwad (Marathas) (1803)
who introduced subsidiary alliance in Awadh?
Lord Clive
Treaty of Allahabad was signed where the British promised protection from their enemies Marathas.
Land Revenue system in British India - Ryotwari settlement
Ryotwari system- by Sir Thomas Munro- Governor of Madras in 1820- Madras, Bombay, Coorg and Assam.
In this system peasants or cultivators were regarded as owners of land.
They had ownership rights, could sell, mortgage or gift the land.
The taxes were directly collected by the government from the peasants.
The rates were 50% in dryland and 60% in the wetland.
The rates were high and unlike the Permanent System, they were open to being increased.
If they failed to pay the taxes, they were evicted by the government.
Ryot means peasant cultivators.
Here there were no middlemen as in the Zamindari system. But, since high taxes had to be paid only in cash (no option of paying in kind as before the British) the problem of moneylenders came into the show. They further burdened the peasants with heavy interests.
Mahalwari System
- Holt Mackenzie
in 1822 and it was reviewed under Lord William Bentinck in 1833.
This system was introduced in North-West Frontier, Agra, Central Province, Gangetic Valley, Punjab, etc.
This had elements of both the Zamindari and the Ryotwari systems.
This system divided the land into Mahals. Sometimes, a Mahal was constituted by one or more villages.
The tax was assessed on the Mahal.
Each individual farmer gave his share.
Here also, ownership rights were with the peasants.
Revenue was collected by the village headman or village leaders.
It introduced the concept of average rents for different soil classes.
The state share of the revenue was 66% of the rental value. The settlement was agreed upon for 30 years.
This system was called the Modified Zamindari system because the village headman virtually became a Zamindar.
Santhal Rebellion
agricultural people settled in Rajmahal Hills of Bihar.
British turned to them for the expansion of the revenue through agriculture. Santhals agreed to clear forests to practice settled agriculture. In 1832, a large number of areas were demarcated as Damin-i-Koh or Santal Pargana. However, gradually the exploitation started from the British side and to such an extent, that it gave rise to Santhal Rebellion.
Santhals
are the largest tribal group in India native to Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha
On 30th June 1855, two years before the Great Revolt of 1857, two Santhal brothers Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu organised 10,000 Santhals and proclaimed a rebellion against the British. The tribals took an oath to drive away from the British from their homeland. The Murmu brothers’ sisters Phulo and Jhano also played an active part in the rebellion.
When the police came to arrest the brothers, the villagers killed the policemen. They were able to capture large parts of land including the Rajmahal Hills, Bhagalpur district and Birbhum.
Although the rebellion took the government by surprise, they crushed it with a heavy hand. The British firepower was no match for the tribal methods of warfare composed of spears and arrows. About 15000 Santhal villagers including the Murmu brothers were killed and their villages destroyed.
Santhal Rebellion
The Santhal Revolt took place in 1855-56. Santhals are a tribal group concentrated in the state of Jharkhand. This was the first peasant revolt that occurred in India. The revolt can be attributed to the introduction of the Permanent Land Settlement of 1793.
Indigo Rebellion
Indigo cultivation started in Bengal in 1777
The indigo farmers revolted in the Nadia district of Bengal by refusing to grow indigo. They attacked the policemen who intervened. The planters, in response to this, increased the rents and evicted the farmers which led to more agitations.
In April 1860, all the farmers in the Barasat division of the districts Nadia and Pabna went on a strike and refused to grow indigo.
The strike spread to other parts of Bengal.
The farmers were led by the Biswas brothers of Nadia, Rafiq Mondal of Malda and Kader Molla of Pabna. The revolt also received support from many zamindars notably Ramrattan Mullick of Narail.
The revolt was suppressed and many farmers were slaughtered by the government and some of the zamindars.
Nil Darpan was written by
by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858-1859 portrayed the farmers situation accurately
Michael Madhusudan Dutta translated the play into English on the authority by the Secretary to the Governor of Bengal, W S Seton-Karr.
the indigo revolt was largely non violent one.
By the end of 1860, indigo cultivation was literally washed away from Bengal since the planters closed their factories and left for good.
Munda Rebellion
in 1899-1900 led by Birsa Munda in south Ranchi
The land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.
Hindu landlords and moneylenders were taking over their land.
Missionaries were criticizing their traditional culture.
It forced the colonial government to introduce laws so that the land of the tribals could not be easily taken over by dikus (Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908)
Ghadar Party/ initially called Pacific coast Hindustan association
The Ghadar Party was an international political movement consisting of expatriate Indians to overthrow British rule in India. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in Astoria, Oregon, the United States of America. leadership of Lala Har Dayal, Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar, Baba Jawala Singh, Santokh Singh and Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president. The Ghadar party found a large support base among Indian expatriates living in the United States, Canada, East Africa and Asia.
Ghadar Party Association
The party was built around the weekly paper The Ghadar, which carried the caption on the masthead: Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman (an enemy of the British rule). “Wanted brave soldiers”, the Ghadar declared, “to stir up rebellion in India. Pay-death; Price-martyrdom; Pension-liberty; Field of battle-India.
Following the Komagata Maru Incident in 1914, a direct challenge to Canadian anti-Indian immigration laws, several thousand Indians resident in the United States sold their business and homes ready to drive the British from India, bolstering the ranks of the Ghadar Party.
People associated with Ghadar Party
Prominent Ghadar leaders included Tarak Nath Das, Barkatullah and Sohan Singh.
People Associated with the Ghadr Party Response:
Kartar Singh Saraba and Raghubar Dayal Gupta left for India.
Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal were asked to lead the movement
Indian National Army
also known as Asad Hind Fauj was an armed force formed by Indian Nationalists in 1942, through the patronage of the Imperial Japanese Army, to secure the Independence of India.
formed by Mohan Singh
Subhash Chandra Bose and second INA
The Indian National Army, was first formed on 17 February 1942 by Captain General Mohan Singh in Singapore but was disbanded due to the differences that had emerged between Captain Singh and the Japanese.
the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy
