History 1301: Unit 2 Flashcards
The colonies exist for what?
the benefit of the mother country (how colonist fit into mercantilism)
listed certain commodities which could not be shipped from American to foreign ports
Navigation Acts (1660, 96)
Jury less courts created to deal with violators of English Mercantilistic laws
Vice-Admiralty courts (colonist felt this violated their rights as Englishmen)
general search warrants that custom collectors used to invade homes, ships, and offices. They could search for anything and destroy property with impunity (exemption or freedom from Punishment, harm or loss)
writs of assistance
Boston Lawyer and Pamphleteer who represented a group of Boston Merchants who sued over the legality of the writs in 1760
James Otis
John Adams said that who was “a flame of fire…. then and there the child Independence was born”
James Otis
Who said “James Otis was a flame of fire… then and there the child Independence was born” ?
John Adams
who led a pan-Indian alliance and destroyed the 9 westernmost British forts by June 1763
Ottawa Chief Pontiac
the British used what as a weapon against the Indians?
germ warfare (smallpox)
an effort by King George (III) and the Prime Minister George Grenville to calm the volatile situation on the frontier. (effort to pacify Indians saying the colonist couldn’t move west)
The Proclamation of 1763 (colonist didn’t like this)
a case involving the pay of Anglican clergy in Virginia
Parson’s Cause
Prime Minister who made one of the first attempts at taxing the colonists directly for the purpose of raising revenue (Sugar Act 1764)
George Grenville
ultimate political power (who had the right to tax the colonist)
sovereignty
what Act did Prime Minister George Grenville try to lay on the colonists which became the first Tariff on the colonies?
Sugar or Revenue Act (1764) (In some cases it was actually a tax reduction from the older Molasses Act of 1733, but colonists were still mad because unlike the old Act, this one was being enforced)
Britain’s first modern Prime Minister; avoided stirring up trouble in the North America colonies by taxing them or aggressively enforcing Mercantilistic Laws
Robert Walpole
“I will leave that [referring to taxing the colonies] for some of my successors, who may have more courage than I have.”
Robert Walpole
law that placed a tariff of sugar, coffee,, wines, and other things imported into America in substantial amounts
Sugar or Revenue Act (1764)
said “No taxation without representation” in his pamphlet protesting the Sugar Act (referring to Parliament can’t tax colonists if they are unable to vote for who is in Parliament)
James Otis
The first attempt to raise money internally; issued by George Grenville
Stamp Act of 1765 (March 22,1765)
Under this act, when colonist bought a legal document, newspaper, pamphlet, almanac, cards, or dice, they would have to pay a small tax.
Stamp Act of 1765 (the stamp indicated it had been payed)
a vigilante group of colonist who led the way to an almost instantaneous protest from one end of the colonies to the other responding to the Stamp Act
the Sons of Liberty
nine colonies sent representative to a protest meeting in October of 1765. They wrote several pamphlets in protest and helped organize a large scale non-importation effort. This group was called what?
Stamp Act Congress (colonist only bought 1/4 to 1/3 of all British goods)
the most effective way of rebelling before the Revolution was?
non-importation
this new prime minister urges Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act because of the economic pressure on British merchants. (the Act was officially repealed on March 17, 1766)
Lord Rockingham
The main benefit of studying history is that you learn about what?
human nature (it is simple human nature that when you are under tremendous stress and discomfort you overreact to good news and ignore bad news)
In this, the British stated that they had “full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever.”
Declaratory Act of 1766 (issued the day after the Stamp Act was repealed)
called fro colonial assemblies and colonist to pay and house the British troops
Quartering Acts of 1765, 66, 74
Prime minister; due to illness he was not the same man; others really ran govt policies
William Pitt
known as “Champagne Charlie” or “Chancellor of the Exchequer”
Charles Townshend
These duties were on items imported into the colonies including glassware, lead, paper, paint, and tea
Townshend Acts or Duties (1767)
John Dickinson wrote what that through a fictional farmer, he outlines the colonial view that their assemblies were sovereign over their internal affairs. He did warn against violence however
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” (12 letters)
who wrote “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” ??
John Dickinson
major leader of the sons of liberty; excellent writer and troublemaker
Samuel Adams (failed as a brewer)
often called the Penman or Propagandist of the American Revolution
Samuel Adams
exaggerated information trying to get you to follow a certain side
propaganda
wrote a circular letter that led to the suspension of the Massachusetts legislature in 1768
Samuel Adams
Prime minister in 1770 and served for most of the Revolution; a sycophant; realized that the townshend acts were not making money, but actually losing money
Fredrick Lord North
often called him “corpulent” (over weight)
Fredrick Lord North
suck up or brown noser
sycophant
A false fire alarm put everyone in the streets. They began to taunt the soldiers and throw things at them. The British soldiers lost their cool and fired into the crowd. Five Bostonians were killed and several wounded. what was this occurrence called?
The Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)
the first one to die in the Boston Massacre was who?
a runaway mulatto (part Indian and African) slave named Crispus Attucks
Although he was a patriot, he knew the truth in the case of the Boston Massacre. He urged fellow colonists to look at the facts and ignore their hatred of the redcoats (only two were found guilty of manslaughter)
John Adams
“facts are stubborn things”
John Adams
The _______ recognized the French form of trials; parts of the French law; gave political equality to Catholics; and extended the boundaries of Quebec south to the Ohio River (CT, VA, and PA had claims to this land) (part of the Intolerable Act)
Quebec Act
angry Rhode Island colonists destroyed a ship; the British was outraged but when they investigated, everyone pretended to be clueless
The Gaspee Incident (1773)
Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohicans, destroyed all the Tea in the Boston Harbor. What event is this?
The Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773)
The ______ Forms a relationship between colonies by letting colonists know whats going on in letters. They system was initiated by _______ in response to the Gaspee Incident
Committees of Correspondence; John Adams
If this company failed, Britain could lose control of this valuable colony; also many politicians owned stock in the company; the company over speculated in tea (about 17 million pounds)
British East India Company
allowed the East India Company to sell their overproduction of tea directly to the colonies without the English Tax
Tea Act (1773)
The first shot at the battle of Lexington and Concord was known as what? (Patriots Day) (April 19, 1775)
“the shot heard round the world”
The Tea Act would have actually lowered the cost of tea, but the colonies protested because they thought this would establish a precedent for Parliament to create what ?
a monopoly
Parliament reacts to the Boston Tea Party with what?
The Coercive Acts
What were the Coercive Acts?
Boston Port Act; Administration of Justice Act; Massachusetts Government Act; and the Quartering Act 1774
stated that the Boston Harbor was closed until Boston paid all tea taxes due
Boston Port Act (part of the coercive acts)
stated any British official who killed a colonial while putting down a riot or collecting a tax would be tried in England or another colony
Administration of Justice Act (part of the coercive acts)
stated that the Massachusetts charter was annulled (basically putting MA under martial law); king/royal governor could appoint many officials which had formerly been elected by colonials; and you must submit an agenda to royal authorities and only approved topics could be discussed at town meetings
Massachusetts Government Act (part of the coercive acts)
Colonists called the coercive acts plus the Quebec act what?
the Intolerable Acts
met to discuss possible responses to the acts in Philadelphia 1774
1st Continental Congress
who wrote “Petition to the King”?
John Dickinson
John Dickinson’s work that implored George III to stop the tyranny of Parliament and some of this advisers. (Most colonists think the King is a good ruler, just getting bad advice)
“Petition to the King”
colonial militias were making preparations and their military supplies was being collected 20 miles from Boston were?
Concord
who wrote the poem “Paul Revere’s Ride”? in the poem you get the famous saying “The British are coming, The British are Coming!” when in reality it was “The Redcoats are Coming!”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
“the shot heard round the world” is a line from the poem “Concord Hymn” by who?
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Loyalist are also known as who? and what percent of the colonial population did they make up?
Tories; 1/5
Patriots are also known as who? and what percent of the colonial population did they make up?
Whigs; 2/5
what are some American advantages and disadvantages?
….
What are some British advantages and disadvantages?
……
who gave the famous “give me liberty” speech? (also know as the St. John Church Speech)
Patrick Henry
meeting of all colonies met in Philadelphia (May 10, 1775); realized that the only way the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances would be to keep fighting
2nd Continental Congress
a list of grievances to the king written at the second continental congress by John Dickinson
“Olive Branch Petition” (peace)
who wrote the “Olive Branch Petition” ?
John Dickinson
who was appointed commander and chief at the second continental congress?
George Washington
not a call for revolution but a list of grievances from 1763
“Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking up Arms”
One of the bloodiest battles of the war; Even though the British had more casualties they won because Americans ran out of ammo and had to retreat
Battle of Bunker (Breed’s) Hill. (originally misnamed)
soldiers for hire
mercenaries (necessary because of the lack of enthusiasm from Britain for war against their American cousins)
Foreigner soldiers with a reputation for butchery
Hessians
rebellious talks
sedition
stated that all royal officials, civil and military, should use their utmost power to suppress the rebellion and loyal colonist must cooperate with royal officers
“Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedation”
Wrote the “Common Sense,” and also “the Crisis” and the “Age of Reason”
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine is known for what writing?
“Common Sense”
Who makes the motion for Independence and what date?
Henry Lee; June 7, 1776
What date did the 2nd Continental Congress adopt the motion for independence?
July 2, 1776
who wrote The Declaration of Independence? (July 4, 1777)
Thomas Jefferson
when writing the Declaration of Independence, who heavily influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing?
John Locke
What three things did the Declaration grant?
life, liberty, and property
who had two sons captured, put on “hell-ships,” and was offered their release if they signed a document saying he was wrong for signing the Declaration and would support King George?
Abraham Clark
what two battles were small but victorious for Americans?
Trenton (Dec. 25, 1776); Princeton (Jan. 3, 1777)
what battle was the turning point for the whole American Revolution?
Battle of Saratoga (Oct. 17, 1777)
what battle did British General “Gentlemen Johnny” Burgoyne plan to win by separating New England from the rest of the colonies but did not work?
Battle of Saratoga (Oct. 17, 1777)
who takes credit for the surrender of the British at the Battle of Saratogo? but who had more to do with the victory?
General Horatio Gates; Benedict Arnold
Biggest American loss in the American Revolution; gen. Benjamin Lincoln had to surrender (lost 5,000 men and 400 cannons)
Disaster at Charleston, S.C. (May 12, 1780)
who was America’s first great diplomat? He used his celebrity to convince the French to first secretly and then openly aid the American cause
Ben Franklin
stated that both the U.S. and France would agree to continue the revolutionary war until 1. America won its freedom and 2. BOTH agree with the terms of England (no separate peace)
Franco-American Treaty
a winter encampment that was harsh in weather conditions
Valley Forge (only the tough and true believers of the war were left)
who was the tough Prussian who whipped the farmers at Valley Forge into a real professional army?
Baron Frederick Von Steuben
who bought the scalps of Americans encouraging Indians to slaughter them?
Henry “Hair Buyer” Hamilton
who captures the British forts of Kaskaskia, Cohokia, and Vincennes in the west? (1778-79)
George Roger Clark
well known guerrilla fighter known as “the Swamp Fox” (2nd most towns named after him)
Francis Marion
hit and run tactics of war
guerrilla warfare
took command in the south when General Clinton of the British Army returned to New York City after Charleston
Gen. Charles Cornwallis
who is know as “The fighting Quaker” and is put in charge of the south were he uses a strategy of retreat to draw Cornwallis deeper into the interior
Gen. Nathaniel Greene
what was the battle that was very similar compared to the battle of Breed’s Hill where British took control but had more losses? Battle of Gen. Greene vs. Cornwallis
Battle of Guilford Courthouse
at the surrender ceremony, who did Washington tell Corwallis’s second in command to give the sword to?
His second in command Benjamin Lincoln who had to surrender to the British at the disaster of Charleston
a belief in human equality especially with respect to social, political, and economic rights and privileges
egalitarianism
an African American of Maryland who was a self-taught mathematician, astronomer, printer, and one of the designers of Washington, D.C; first black to publish an Almanac; whittled a clock out of wood
Benjamin Banneker
Former slave from Boston. The most important poet of the Revolutionary generation. wrote “to his Excellency George Washington”
Phillis Wheatley
What does Abigail Adams share in distinction with Barbara Bush?
Only they can say they both were married to presidents and gave births to presidents
known for “Remember the Ladies”
Abigail Adams
a “war woman” of Georgia; hanged six Tories in her back yard; served as a sniper and spy; only woman to have two counties named after her
Nancy Hart
loaded the guns in her husband’s place after he fell on the battlefield
Molly Pitcher (became a nickname for women who who took the place of their husbands on the battle field after they fell)
posed as a man to fight in the revolutionary war; removed musket ball from own thigh
Deborah Sampson
what was the biggest weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
Amending laws was impossible because all states had to agree
the first written constitution of the Republic
Articles of Confederation
determined how new states would be created in the Old Northwest; prescribed the successive stages for which a territory becomes a state with complete equality of the others in the Union; prohibited slavery from any state created from the old northwest
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
stated that proceeds from land sales in the west would be used to help pay the national debt; area would be surveyed before sales or settlement; they would divide the land into townships (6 square miles); the 16th section would be set aside and sold for the benefit of public schools
Land Ordinance of 1785
led 100 impoverished backwoods farmers in a militant protest; many of them were losing their farms to mortgage foreclosures so they demanded the government to print cheap paper money
Daniel Shay; (Shays rebellion)
“we have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming out Confederation”
George Washington
“The Father of the U.S. Constitution”
James Madison
proposed the idea of a super-powerful central government that would have made George Washington king
Alexander Hamilton
was elected to attend the Constitutional Convention, but he “smelt a rat”
Patrick Henry
how would representatives be determined in the Senate?
each state would have two members appointed by the legislatures
how would representatives be determined in the House of Representatives?
determined by states’ population
who was the first state to ratify the constitution?
Delaware
federal judges are appointed by who? then approved by who?
president; Senate
prevents one branch from becoming too powerful (each branch- executive (president), legislative, and Judicial- had powers to limit the others in order to ensure that no single branch could become all powerful)
checks and balances
“Thus I consent, Sir, to this constitution, because I expect no better, and because I am not sure it is not the best” (trying to get others to sign the new constitution)
Benjamin Franklin
who was the 9th state to ratify the Constitution, officially adopting it into the government
New Hampshire
group led by Thomas Jefferson that believed the states should retain majority of political power control over their citizens; constitutional interpretation based on “literal translation” or “strict interpretation;” powers not specifically in the Constitution were reserved for individual states
Democratic-Republicans
who won the presidential election of 1789?
George Washington (first US president; probably the only pres. who didn’t seek office in any way)
who was elected as the first vice pres.?
John Adams
A ______ was not provided for by the Constitution, but gradually emerged as an efficient method of advising the pres.
cabinet
first secretary of state
Thomas Jefferson
who becomes vice president in the 1796 elections?
Thomas Jefferson
amendments guaranteeing individual rights added to the Constitution
“Bill of Rights”
established the office of attorney general; created the federal court system; and organized the Supreme Court
Judiciary Act of 1789
who was the first attorney general?
Edmund Randolph
who was the first chief of Justice?
John Jay
who was the first secretary of Treasury?
Alexander Hamilton
when defiant distillers in southwestern PA tarred and feathered federal revenue officers and refused to pay the excise tax (the first challenge of the new govnt’s authority in the US); 13000 militia men marched on the rebels
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
who proposed the Bank of the US? (powerful; semi-private institution; fed. govt would be the major stockholder; where the surplus govt money would be deposited; could print needed money)
Alexander Hamilton
issued by George Washington saying that America was officially neutral in the European Wars; he knew the US was not strong enough to participate in war
Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
who becomes pres. in the 1796 elections?
John Adams
what amendment separates the ballot for pres. and vice pres.?
12th amendment
Pres. Adams sends a 3 man diplomatic mission to Paris(1797) to meet with the French foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand; Perigord was secretly approached by 3 French go-betweeners; the French demanded a loan to France ans a bribe of $250000 for the privilege of merely speaking with Talleyrand without any guarantees of success. what is this incident called?
XYZ affair
ruled France after the French Revolutionary War
Napoleon Bonaparte
aimed at the poor immigrants coming to the US who would become pro-Jeffersonians; stated they must be immigrants for 14 yrs before becoming US citizen; pres. was empowered to deport dangerous foreigners
Alien Laws
anonymously written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in protest to the Alien/ Sedition Laws. stressed the “compact theory” of govt
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
who anonymously wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?
Thomas Jef. and James Madison
a young “war hawk” who was elected speaker of the house?
Henry Clay
who received a tie in the election of 1801?
Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson
who became president in the 1801 election? VP?
Thomas J.; Aaron Burr
who was the first non-federalist pres.?
Thomas Jeff.
the peaceful/ orderly transfer of power (Federalists to non-federalists) on the basis of and election whose results all parties accepted
“Revolution of 1800”
The purchase of Louisiana for $15 mil. (3 cents/acre) from French leader Napoleon which more than doubled the size of the US. Napoleon needed money and troops; he lost the base of Santa Domingo
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Thomas Jeff. sent who to explore the Louisiana Purchase in 1803?
Lewis and Clark
who won the Presidential election in 1804? ran against Charles C. Pinckney
Thomas Jefferson
prohibited the exportation of all goods because England and France depended heavily on them.
Embargo Act (1807); (this probably hurt the US more than Eng. or France: Southern Farmers, New England Shippers, smuggling was rampant, and the start of succession)
stated that US could export to any country except Eng. and France (passed after the repeal of the Embargo Act)
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
who refused to run for the presidential election of 1808 because he wanted to honor Washington’s 2 term precedent?
Thomas Jeff.
Who won the 1808 presidential election? (who was his running mate?)
James Madison; Charles C. Pinckney
replaced the expiring Non-Importation; reopened trade but stated that if either England or France repealed its commercial restrictions, US would restore non-importation against the non-repealing nation
Macon’s Bill No. 2
who won the presidential election of 1812? (his running mate was who?)
James Madison; Dewitt Clinton
the War of 1812 was also known as what?
Mr. Madison’s War
only way to eliminate the Indian problem was to wipe out their Canadian sources of supply (the British); also end British search and seizure on the seas; retaliate for the Orders in Council; stop British Impressment. This all led to what war?
the war of 1812
an American lawyer witnessed the naval bombardment at Ft. McHenry and wrote a poem that later became our national anthem in (1931)?
Francis Scott Key
restored all territory lost by the US in the war of 1812
Treaty of Ghent (Christmas Eve, 1814)
Americans win a smashing victory; probably the greatest victory in the war of 1812, but the war was over, the treaty was signed two weeks before
The Battle of New Orleans
the one philosophy that cuts across class and intellectual lines; can thrive in a state where the nation is repressed; all that is needed is a historical and emotional unity; one of the strongest human drives
nationalism
helped promote nationalism by spreading its branches across state lines (1816)
2nd National Bank
stated all powers not delegate to the federal government were powers reserved by the states
10th amendment
states congress may pass any laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the powers vested in the various governmental agencies to carry out their basic functions
Article 1, section 8, clause 18: the “Elastic Clause””
stated that anyone who impeded the policies of the government would be subject to heavy fines/ imprisonment
sedition acts
“those who own the country ought tho govern it” (Federalist view point)
John Jay
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”, “…honest friendship with all nations, entailing alliances with none”
Thomas Jeff.
case that decided that the Supreme court gets to decide if a law is unconstitutional or not
Marbury vs. Madison
the most important midnight Judge; probably did more of the Hamiltonians than Alexander Hamilton
John Marshal
self- taught military leader who led a successful rebellion in Haiti
Toussaint L’Ouverture
nicknamed “Old Hickory”
Andrew Jackson
where was the 2nd British full scale 3-pronged invasion of the war of 1812?
Washington (it got burned down)
The First Lady _______ saved many early white house artifacts from destruction when the British burned Washington down
Dolly Madison
refers to the time when there was only one political party because the Federalist party disappears
Era of Good Feeling
