History 1301 Flashcards
1
Q
Greatest factor in destruction of Native Americans
A
disease
2
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
Old and New world exchanged plants, animals, culture, diseases
3
Q
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
A
Spain gets everything west of the line, Portugal gets everything east (including brazil) but english, french, and dutch are ignored
4
Q
In order to better control conquistadors, Spanish government made the _______.
A
Encomienda system (rewarded conquistadors)
5
Q
The New World was primarily a source of ____ to Spain
A
Precious metals
6
Q
How did the French see the Native Americans?
A
As necessary economic partners
7
Q
What did the financial success of the French empire in North America depend on?
A
Native American hunters and trappers
8
Q
Geographically, the French claimed and settled what area?
A
Mississippi River Valley, Gulf of Mexico (Louisiana) and some Canada
9
Q
Whose voyages established English claims in North America?
A
Sebastian Cabot
10
Q
What sixteenth-century European upheaval had a profound impact upon England’s settlement of the New World?
A
Protestant Reformation
11
Q
Parents of Elizabeth I
A
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
12
Q
Mission of the Spanish Armada
A
To invade England
13
Q
1580’s, English tried to make a settlement at
A
Roanoke
14
Q
Sponsor of Roanoke
A
Sir Walter Ralegh
15
Q
Who developed strong arguments for England’s continued efforts at colonizing the New World, despite early failures?
A
Richard Hakluyt the Younger
16
Q
Similarities between African and Native American cultures
A
- Stateless societies
- many languages
- diverse political systems
- several “empires” exercised loose control over large areas
- oral histories
17
Q
Did more Africans or Europeans come to the Americas in the 17th century?
A
Africans
18
Q
What factors led to English migration?
A
Purer form of worship, improving social standing, escaping life in jail/poverty, land-owning
19
Q
Did the English keep their old beliefs?
A
Yes, but they may have changed some
20
Q
What is a joint-stock company?
A
Business enterprise that let investors pool money for commercial trading and sustaining colonies
21
Q
Why did the English adopt joint-stock companies?
A
Major obstacle of colonization was money, and these allowed peopel to invest without risking bankruptcy
22
Q
Who persevered in Jamestown?
A
John Smith
23
Q
Man who taught Virginians how to grow tobacco
A
John Rolfe
24
Q
King James I attitude toward tobacco
A
Thought it was immoral/unhealthy, but then made lots of money on it
25
Virginia's headright system
Colonists who paid own transportation to America got a 50-acre lot for cheap, +1 for each servant they brought
26
Indentured Servants
Individuals who contracted to serve for a set # of years in exchange for transport to America
27
Who came to Chesapeake as indentured servants?
Single males in teens/early twenties
28
Colony with the highest death rate
Virginia
29
1622: Native Americans in Virginia...
surprise attacked and killed 347 Europeans
30
Individual who settled Maryland
Lord Baltimore (Sir George Calvert)
31
Maryland was intended to be...
A haven for England's persecuted Catholics
32
Document in which Pilgrims established a civil government for Plymouth
Mayflower Compact
33
Why was Roger Williams banished?
His religious idea of extreme separatism created conrtroversy
34
What colony did Roger Williams establish?
Rhode Island
35
Anne Hutchinson's trial defense was ruined by...
confessing that she knew of God through revelation (spirit could live without Moral Law) Antinomianism
36
Which colony attracted independent-minded people?
Rhode Island
37
What were Quakers known for?
Pacifism & Simplicity, Inner Light
38
Pennsylvania established as a religious sanctuary for who?
Quakers
39
By the end of the 17th century, what was the main staple of the Carolinas' economy?
Rice
40
City on a hill
Massachusetts
41
What determined the character of colonies? (5)
Environmental conditions, supply of labor, abundance of land, demographic patterns, commercial ties with Europe
42
What caused crazy population growth in 17th century NE?
Survival: pure water, cool climate, dispersed population
43
Who went to church more in New England?
women
44
Sumptuary Laws
Limited wearing fine apparel to the wealthy, to curb pretensions of the poor
45
Why was population growth slowed in 17th century VA and MD?
no constant flow of immigrants
46
Was NE or the Chesapeake more family oriented?
NE
47
Where were the majority of slaves sent to?
Brazil or Caribbean
48
What % of the lowlands of South Carolina was black?
60%
49
Gullah was spoken on islands of South Carolina and Georgie until when?
End of the 19th century
50
Most serious colonial period slave rebellion
Stono Uprising
51
Navigation Acts (2)
(1) no ship could trade in colonies unless it was constructed in england/america and 75% english crew, and enumerated goods could only be transported to an english or other colonial port.
52
intention of Navigation Acts
regulate colonial commerce to make England wealthy
53
Major objective of Navigation Acts was to eliminate who?
The Dutch
54
Enumerated goods
essential raw materials from colonies (like tobacco, sugar, rice) that could only be shipped to england or its colonies
55
Bacon's Rebellion
Armed rebellion in VA against royal governor Sir William Berkeley
56
After Bacon died of fever
Rebellion dispersed
57
Led an armed conflict which pitted native americans against New Englanders
Metacomet
58
Which colonies made up the Dominion of New England?
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire
59
Peaceful ousting of James II by Parliament in 1688
Glorious Revolution
60
After James II, Parliament offered the English monarchy to...
Daughter Mary and William of Orange
61
How many hanged in witch hysteria?
19, +1 pressed to death
62
Did women have a lot of legal rights in NE?
Nope
63
What was most responsible for growth between 1700-1770?
Natural reproduction
64
First permanent European Settlement in US
St. Augustine, FL
65
Which Indian tribe was most successful at resisting Catholicism?
Indians of the SW (Pueblo)
66
2 most important leaders of Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield
67
Followers of the Great Awakening
New Lights
68
Those who opposed the Great Awakening
Old Lights
69
What colleges were established because of the Great Awakening?
Princeton (College of NJ), Dartmouth, Brown, Rutgers
70
Most significant consequence of 7 Years War
Peace of Paris of 1763
71
Proclamation of 1763
Prohibited governors from granting land beyond the headwaters of rivers flowing into the Atlantic
72
VA leader of the anti-Stamp Act movement
Patrick Henry
73
Parliament's statement of belief in its own sovereignty
Declaratory Act
74
Why was the Tea Act of 1773 passed?
To save the East India Company
75
England passed the coercive acts in response to
The Boston Tea Party
76
Purpose of the continental association
Halt all commerce with Britain until Parliament repealed the Intolerable Acts
77
Second Continental Congress's main responsibility
Making the Continental Army
78
What did Common Sense do for the revolution?
Powerful democratic manifesto: it called for independence and establishment of a republican government in america
79
author of the Declaration
Thomas Jefferson
80
American victory that brought about French alliance
Saratoga
81
Man who allied colonies with France
Ben Franklin
82
For the British, French intervention in US revolution meant...
World conflict, British had to worry about France invading England
83
Treaty of Paris 1783
Ended American Revolution and transferred territory east of the Mississippi river (except FL) to the new republic
84
Sons of Liberty
extra-legal groups who economically and politically pressured those who wanted to remain neutral in revolution
85
What happened at the Boston Massacre?
Boys threw stones at soldiers, who fired out of confusion as the mob grew. 5 Americans died.
86
1700 Republic was a system in which political authority is vested in who?
The citizens
87
Articles of Confederation
First constitution limited the central government's taxation and coercive powers
88
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Formulated government plans for America’s NW territories, defined procedure for the territories admissions to the union, prohibited slavery north of the ohio river
89
Most brilliant post-revolutionary American political theorist
James Madison
90
Shay's Rebellion
Armed farmers in western Massachusetts trying to prevent state courts from foreclosing on debtors who were unable to pay taxes
91
Who came up with the Virginia Plan?
James Madison
92
Describe William Patterson's plan.
unicameral legislature in which each state possessed one vote, gave congress extensive new powers to tax and regulate trade
93
3/5 rule concerned...
Counting slaves as people when determining representation
94
Those who campaigned for ratification of the Constitution
federalists
95
What concerns did antifederalists have?
The constitution possessed no specific protection of natural and civil rights
96
Who wrote the Federalist Papers?
Madison, Hamilton, Jay
97
Name some Federalists
Madison, Hamilton, Jay
98
Name some antifederalists
Patrick Henry,
99
Author of original Bill of Rights proposal
James Madison
100
George Washington's cabinet members
Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson
101
What did Hamilton's report on public credit recommend?
(1) US promised to fund its obligations at full face value
| (2) Urged federal government to assume responsibility for paying the remaining state debts
102
Why did Madison oppose Hamilton's plan for public debt?
Immoral since some people had been compelled to sell their certificates at prices far below face value
103
Bank of the US based on doctrine of...
Hamilton
104
What did federalists want?
Strong national government
105
Who told the British of Jay's treaty negotiation intentions?
Hamilton
106
Why did Spain agree to the Pinckney Treaty?
They thought the US and Britain had an alliance
107
Washington's feelings towards the Whiskey Rebellion
It represented a direct political change and marched with 15,000 men to put it down immediately
108
What did Washington advise against?
Political factions and making permanent alliances with other nations
109
consequences of the XYZ affair
Heightened war fever against France
110
Intention of the naturalization law
Recent immigrants, especially irish, tended to vote republican, and Federalists wanted to put this down
111
Why did the Sedition Act distress many Americans?`
Threatened free communication of ideas (undermined first amendment)
112
VA and KY resolutions called for a restoration of
States' Rights
113
in 1800 election, who did Jefferson almost lose to?
Aaron Burr
114
12th Amendment
electoral college cast separate ballots for president and vide president
115
Population in 1810 was from
Natural reproduction
116
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
Shawnee leaders who attempted to revitalize native cultures
117
Jefferson's attitude toward Native Americans
Either exterminate them or remove them beyond the lakes of the Illinois River
118
American prosperity in early 1800s was based upon what?`
Agriculture and trade
119
What difficulty did Jefferson have in the LA Purchase?
The constitution did not authorize the acquisition of vast new land
120
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Overland expedition to the Pacific Coast (1804-1806) commissioned by Pres. Jefferson.
Brought back a wealth of scientific data about the country/resources
121
Judicial Review
The authority of the supreme court to determine the constitutionality of federal statutes
122
How did Jefferson feel about slave trade?
Wanted to outlaw it
123
Orders in Council
Proclomations by the British Government that forbade neutral commerce with the continent and threatened seizure of any ship that violated these orders
124
Berlin, Milan decrees
Napoleon closed all continental ports to British trade
125
Embargo Act Impact (4)
1. Compliance required a series of enforcement acts that became increasingly harsh
2. people ignored them and smuggled
3. sailors and artisans lost jobs
4. federalist party had a brief revival in new england
126
Macon's Bill #2
(Poorly drafted) Reestablished trade with England and France and said that if either repealed restrictions upon neutral shipping, US would stop trading with the other
127
War Hawks
Congressional leaders who called for war in 1811 and 1812 against Britain to defend the national honor and force Britain to respect America’s maritime rights (Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun)
128
Who led the US to victory at Put-in-Bay?
Oliver Hazard Perry
129
Battle of New Orleans
US forces defeated the British army’s attempt to seize New Orleans (even though both sides were coming to a peace agreement, but the news hadn’t reached them yet)
130
Treaty of Ghent
Neither side surrendered territory—they just agreed to end the fighting.
131
In which colony were African Americans most able to preserve their African identity?
South Carolina
