history Flashcards
age of pericles
460-429 BC
Greek
Athens and Sparta
Peloponnesian war—431-404 BC
alexander the great
from Macedonia
336-323 BC
Hellenistic age (Greek fusion with East)
conquered Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt
bureaucracy replaces polis (city state) gov.
Greek world contributions
ship building
philosophy
scientific method
democracy and law system
arch, sculpture, art, performing arts
columns, parthenon
Roman engineering
concrete
arch
roads
aqueducts cisterns
buildings (colosseum) ( bread + circus)
Roman literature—
Virgil —The Aeneid
Ovid— Metamorphosis
Aeneas flees Troy, to Rome, storm blows them to Carthage
written 29 BC
dactylic hexameter
moral —we will have opposition and must persevere—the outcome will recover more than what is lost
Metamorphosis—moral is change creation to death of Augustus Caesar.
15 books
Roman mythology / history
Roman Republic
dates, leaders
wars
509- 27 BC
Romas defeats Etruscans
patricians and plebeians, slaves
punic war 146 BC defeat Carthage
Greek culture
Julius Caesar 44BC assassinated
Augustus Caesar 27 BC 1st Emperor
Roman Empire
dates
rulers
Augustus Caesar—first emperor 27 BC
Pax Romana 200 years peace
27 BC 180 AD
Constantine
empire split/ eastern western
fall of Rome—476 AD
Roman Empire dates
fall, why?
27BC- 476 AD
GOTHS, vandals, huns sack Rome
Byzantium—1453 AD
african—
egalitarian society
all people equal/ no classes
fertile crescent
civilizations
rivers
developed beginning 9000BC
egypt (Nile) farming 6000 BC
Sumer (Tigris, Euphrates)—5000BV
Phoenicia (Mediterranean)
mesopotamia
land b/t Tigris and Euphrates
gk. land between rivers
irrigation
several classes: gov. leaders and priests. merchants, farmers.
when did Mesopotamia begin
11,000 BC just after last ice age (neolithic period)
domestication of plants (wheat barley) and animals (pigs, goats)
Mesopotamia periods
UBAID ( early)
SUMER 3000 BC—large cities
1000 BC Ur auric, Kush
cities grow as farmers learn to store grain in pottery and graineries
Sumer
first civilization
first system of writing—cuneiform
Code of Hammurabi —written in confirm when Babylonia controlled Sumer 2nd mill BC—an eye for an eye.
hammurabi’s code
king of Babylonia 1792-1750 BCE
written on stone stele
predated by code Ur-Nammu 2100 BCE
Ham—more detailed
10 CC COMES AFTER.1500-1200bce
Egyptian achievements
unification who, when?
unification upper and lower kingdom
King Menes 3000 BCE —1st pharaoh
Pyramids and obelisks 2630 BCE
Great Pyramid (Khufu 2551 BCE)
Hieroglyphics glyphs
Calendar 12 months 365 days
Rosetta Stone
led to translation of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
discovered 1799
stone with Greek, hieroglyphics, and demotic
Kush
ancient peoples living south of egypt
ruled Egypt
2000 BCE- 300 CE
ruled Egypt for 100 years (760- 656 BC)
twenty-fifth dynasty (100 year rule of egypt)
capital Memphis then moved to Moroe
remained independent 1000 years after Egypt was conquered by Persians
jewish diaspora
722 BC Assyria conquered N. kingdom
586 BC Babylonia
cyrus the great of Persia releases Jews
allows/ aids temple rebuild.
70 CE Roman’s destroy temple
force diaspora—Jews spread all over
middle ages jewish ghettos in Europe
1940s Holocaust
Jewish holy books
Tanakh
(contains Torah)
Talmud —commentary
israelites
dates—
2000BC- 600BC
1000 BC Saul unites kingdom
hittites on the north, egypt on the south
assyrians conquered north kingdom in 700BC
Babylon conquers south 500 BC
mishnah
oral torah
later it was written down.
maccabee warriors
66 AD fight Romans
70 AD loose and from-and sack Jerusalem and destroy the temple
Ashkenazic
Sephardic
Ash—jews from France Germany Eastern Europe ( Yiddish, many immigrated to US)
Sep— from Spain, Portugal, N Africa Middle East (more integrated into cultures there)
Islam
who, where, when?
Mohammad
610
Mecca
5 pillars of Islam
faith (shahada)
prayer (5x a day)
charity
fasting (Ramadan 9 month)
pilgrimage to Mecca (Kaaba —built by Abraham)(Hajj)
what were Muslim leaders called after the death of Muhammad in 632 AD?
Caliphates
Rashidun Caliphate (first Abu Bakr)
Umayyad Caliphate (not egalitarian)
Abbasid Caliphate ( golden age)
library in Baghdad
Ottoman Caliphate ( conquered
Constantinople in 1453–Istanbul)
muslim cities and farms
cities built on agricultural and trade
oranges, sugar, cotton
crop rotation
better mills
increased yields
larger cities possible
muslim society and structure
egalitarian (if muslim— if not pay tax, second-class position)
role of women improved from before Islam
Muslim learning
golden age ( abbasid caliphate)
ART: glass blowing, domes, Dome of the Rock 691 CE, 1001 Nights (the Arabian Nights), calligraphy, illuminated manuscripts, mosaics
SCIENCE AND MEDICINE: circumference of earth, The Canon of Medicine (used throughout euros and middle east)
MATH: Arabic numerals 1202 CE, algebra, decimals
Golden Age of Islam
dates
leader
750-1258 AD
Abbasid caliphate
Ottoman caliphate
ended with Mongol invasion 1258
China:
main rivers where early civilizations grew?
Huang/ye River Valley (yellow river)
Huang-ye in north
Yangtze in south
stone age china
10,000 BC
cultivated rice, millet
craves, armies, building grew civ with agriculture allowing people to stay in one place.
bronze age china
bronze is a harder metal-/ allowed advanced tools, large cities
ancient china beliefs
heavenly diety (shandi, tian, or di)
mandate of heaven— Heavens favored the most just rulers. if god things happen leader is god of bad things happen leader is bad…revolts after natural disaster.
earliest Chinese dynasty
Xia dynasty (perhaps mythical)
Yu built canals to stop flood. he became ruler—from Xia tribe
after disasters Tang of Shang kingdom defeated jie of the Xia dynasty,
new dynasty.. shang
Shang dynasty
after Xia
historical not mythical
1600 BC
ruled for 600 yrs
Shang dynasty
2nd dynasty 1600-1046 BC
Cheng Tang (founded)
WRITING SYSTEM
CALENDAR
BRONZE
BRONZE CASTING
SOCIAL SYSTEM:
king (wang)
royal family
nobilities
warriors
priest
officials
—outside city walls
craftsmen, merchants, traders
king Tang, good king lowered taxes, helped relieve famine, helped people buy back their children
king Zhou—bad king
next dynasty… Zhou
Zhou dynasty
1046-771 BC
MORE BRONZE
IRRIGATION
DEV Roads, canals
CHOPSTICKS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
CONFUCIUS
LAOZI… TAOISM (seek peace passivity)
legalism—another philosophy…gov more important than individual.
Han dynasty
202 BC- 220 AD
SILK ROAD
conquered by Mongols (Khubla Khan)
silk road
connected Rome and China
Han dynasty
5000 miles
exchange of goods and ideas
Alexandria, Arabian Desert, Mesopotamia, Persian Empire (hated Romans), Central Asian Grasslands (steppe) (barbarians), Gobi Dessert (freezing).
or go through India (hot), Himalaya,
sail (pirates)
merchant towns (Samarkand, Bakhara, Kabul)
Mongols
eastern steppe
horses
Khan (leader)
Genghis Khan united tribes
horse, short composit bow, merit-based promotion
largest contiguous empire in world
1206-1368
Kublai Khan conquered Song dynasty
established Yuan dynasty.
Ming Dynasty
1368-1644 AD
after Yuan (Mongol) dynasty
Yuan didn’t keep up irrigation projects…so yellow river flooded, crops lost, people hungry, rebellion… Ming dynasty begins
300 years power
accomplishments Ming Dynasty
terraced farms ( stable food supply)
(still famine at end of dynasty)
Zheng He treasure ships, explore (ming
ruler stop exploration B/c everything
in China that is needed)
added to great wall of china—watch
watch towers, [Manchu still invaded]
Qing Dynasty
Manchu tribes from N conquer Ming
Qing dynasty 1644–1912
OPIUM wars 1800s a/g Britain
Qing wanted to stop trade
fought British…lost… British control
Hong Kong, Chinese pay reparations.
BOXER REBELLION—Chinese boxers
(Society of Righteous Harmonious
Fists fight to expel Europeans. they
lose. they pay reparations again)
Qing dynasty
how did it end?
fight over reform or tradition. Reform won
Boxers wanted tradition
Modernist create New Army
1911 New Army rebels emperor Puyi
thrown out.
Yuan Shikai (new army leader) 1st pres.
Republic of China formed 1912
Yuan Shikai
1912 pres new Republic of China
dictator
reformist rebelled
Mao Zedong becomes leader People’s Republic of China.
Mao Zedong
first leader People’s Republic of China
first civilization in India
Indus Valley Civilization
3000BC -1300
egalitarian
polytheistic
water wells
drainage
public baths
cities advanced for the time
followed by Vedic period
Vedic period
in India
1300 BC
PERIOD OF DECLINE
Indo- Europeans
Vedas (hymns @ religion practices)
reincarnation
Vedism… evolved to Hinduism
religions of India
Vedism (reincarnation)… Hinduism
Hinduism (valhalla -release from cycle
of life and death)
Buddhism ( Gautama Buddha , spiritual
over material)
Jainism (non-violence, vegetarian)
Indian Rulers
Mahajanapadas 16 kingdoms
Empires—Nanda
Maurya 322 BC —184 BC
Ashoka leader, promoted
Buddhism: missionaries
Sunga
mountains, rivers, lands, early cities
of Indian Subcontinent
Hindu Kush (west)
Karakoram
Himalayas
Indus
Ganges
Deccan Plateau (south)
Thar Desert (west)
Harappa
Mohenjo-Daro
Three Pillars of Indian Society
VILLAGE
CASTE SYSTEM (taken from Laws of Manu)
Brahmin (priests)
Kshatriya (kings or rulers)
Vaishya (money changers, merchants
Shudra ( servants and skilled workers)
untouchables
FAMILY
joint family
rajah
Indian king
Indian scientific achievements
finding “0”
numbers “0-9”
( arabic traders learned these in India)
vaccinations
setting bones
Japan geography
archipelago (4 large islands 100s smaller)
mountainous
sea provides fish, seafood
Shoen system ( Japan)
private estates (shoen)
nobility keep the landowners happy
Fujiwara family—powerful landowners.
Zen Buddhism in japan
1200s
Monk Eisai
Zen=cultivating balance and morality in the little things in everyday life
combines ideas from Taoism (balance)
confucianism ( ethics and morality)
Zen Buddhism goals
attain enlightenment
Nirvana (release from suffering)
history of samurai/ shogun
1100s Japan
Samurai protected lands
Bushido code
Shogun is leader
Heian period (Fujiwara clan power)
Minamoto shogun—shogunate gov
Kamakura period
samurai ended 1871
greece geography
archipelago
peninsula (top of Balkan peninsula)
mountainous interior
between Italy and Turkey
Aegean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Greek Gods
12 Gods many demigods
Zeus -cosmos
Poseidon - ocean
Hades- afterlife
Hestia- hearth
Hera- cosmos
Ares- war
Athena- peace and wisdom
Apollo- music
Aphrodite/ beauty and desire
Hermes- messenger (mischievous)
Artemis-goddess of hunt (apollo’s twin
Hephaestus- blacksmith crafts
Hellenistic Greece
dates and facts
after Alexander the Great
when Romans rule Greece
Battle of Milvian Bridge
312 CE
Constantine the Great wins, converts Rome to Chistianity
Greek civilizations;
Minoan —- ? to 1500 BC art
Mycenae 1400 BC war like
built huge walls
Dorian Apx. 1200 BC
BRONZE AGE COLLAPSES
Dark Ages Iliad and Odyssey
first true alphabet w/ vowels
literature created
Athens and Sparta start
Greek City -states
Athens -democracy “equality before the law
Sparta- warlike
Corinth (trade center, wealth)
Delphi (shrine to Apollo)
Hellenism
polis (city-state-another name for)
founding of Rome
theories:
Romulus and Remus floated on Tiber
Aeneid came from Troy when Troy was
sacked by Greeks
Etruscan and Latin tribes from N
FOUNDED 753 BC
EMPIRE BEGINS 27 BC
PALATIN HILL Location ( one of 7 hills)
banks of Tiber R.
Roman Republic
facts
509-27 BC
Assemblies govern (plebeians part of)
Senate
2 consuls
(Brutus and people overthrow oppressive Etruscan king)
Magna Grecia
Greek colony in southern Italy
Constantine accepted Christianity in
year?
313 CE
battle of Milvian Bridge
saw cross in sky
saw words by this sign conquer.
cement
brick and morter
concrete
blend of lime and ash or pulverized stone and water
small brick held by mortar -cement ( allowed big buildings)
concrete- cement mixed with gravel
poured forms
Roman architecture
roads 53,000 miles
cement
brick and mortar (colosseum
concrete
arch
aqueduct
cicern
dome PANTHEON
Edict of Milan
legalized Christianity
132 AD
Council of Nicaea
325 AD
DEFINED THE DIVINITY OF CHRIST
Began canonization of scripture.
(Constantine)
Rome was conquered
by whom?
when
Odoacer (german war lord)
476 AD
last Roman emperor:
Romulus Augustulus
medieval cathedrals
style
characteristics
gothic architecture
tall rose windows
pointed arches
flying buttresses
Natural Law
who
when
what
St Thomas Aquinas
11th century @
God created every human with ability to know right and wrong
Mayan civ
@2000 BC—900 AD
Apex 6th century AD
Mexica, Guatemala
IRRIGATION, terraced farming, raised bed
large cities
ziggurats
ball counts
city states W/ kings
trading
Temple of Coba
calendar
Aztecs
1428-1519
built city where eagle sat on cactus on island—LAKE TEXCOCO
—TENOCHTOTLAN (drained swamp)
floating garden produced food
(called chinapas)
universal education for all children
conquered by CORTEZ 1519 AD
(small pox, war)
Inca civ.
in Peru
Caral, Chavin, Inca people’s
Inca
Cuzco Valley
1100 AD - 1572
Roads
engineering
Andes mountains
terraced farming
quipo ( rope with knots keeps records)
Nazca lines (huge geoglyphs)
Machine Picchu
conquered by Pizarro 1532 AD
gutenberg movable type/ press
@1450
Renaissance dates
14th-17th century
black plague 1347
age of exploration 1492—
Elizabethan Era 1558–1603
Protestant Reformation 1517 -(95 thesis) to 1648
Erasmus
christian humanism
Northern Renaissance (Netherlands)
value man’s relationship with christ above all.
Thomas More
Northern Renaissance
Utopia
theme: happiness and health over wealth and power.
Northern Renaissance artists
Durer (realistic rabbit—painted nature
Van Eyck
Christian Humanism
cultural diffusion of ideas
common people and nature
oil paint (color not as bright)
perspective
realism
scientific revolution
scientific method
Copernicus (heliocentric)
(also Galileo telescope and Kepler)
Francis Bacon—scientific method 1620
Isaac Newton Principia (gravity, laws of
motion
steam engine 1689
lead to Industrial Revolution
Aristotle
model of the world
384 BC, Greece
4 elements:
fire
air
water
earth
alchemy
turning elements (metals ) into gold or silver
false!
empirialism
science based on
observation
experimentation
scientific method
16th 17th cent.
era of scientific revolution
medicine changes scientific rev,
Galen (blood letting , 4 humors)
To
William Harvey ( blood not made in heart but pumped through it so blood letting is a bad idea)
scientist of scientific revolution
Paracelsus Swiss- chemist (Experimentation should be basis—burned Galen’s book. disagreed with blood letting)
Andreas Vesalius—observation human body. dissections. 1st medical textbook
Iatrochemists—chemistry, precise measurement
Robert Boyle—volume of gas varies inversely to pressure
William Harvey—blood continuously pumped through heart (not made in heart -Galen)
(later 1800s jenner -vaccination; and germ theory build on this work
Age of Enlightenment
Age of Reason
humanism. individualism, skepticism
1600-1800s
began end Renaissance as ficus shifted from art to science
began in Europe/ France
enlightenment grew out of Renaissance, protestant reformation, scientific revolution, humanism (continued)
Enlightenment
key people
key events
John Locke (limited gov)
Thomas Hobbes (people need rules to stay in line)
Montesquieu (sep of power/ checks and balances)
Newton (observation, physical laws)
Hume (human senses—discover truth)
Benjamin Franklin
social contract theory
separating power
gov. for people
democracies
american rev
french rev
American Enlightenment
B. Franklin—furthered science and publishing (Poor Man’s Almanac)
James Madison (Federalist Papers—checks and balances)
Deism
(enlightenment)
God created universe but does not interfere in it)
Diderot and d’Alembert
age of enlightenment
Encyclodedie
to document innovations and discoveries
1750s
origins of modern capital
businesses should flourish without restraint
ruled by 1 restriction:
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Industrial Revolution
capitalism leads to :
capitalism leads to : guilds, factory system
Adam Smith
1723-1790
Scottish
“father of Economics”
economic theory
modern capitalism
book: Wealth of Nations
free market best
laizzez-faire (hands-off)
“instead of gov. the “invisible hand” of the the market should regulate business
(supply and demand)
Industrial Revolution
18th- 19th cent.
1700s- 1800s
machinery
led to modern capitalism
modern democracy
formed:
Greek city states
Magna Carta (King John) rule of law
signed at Runnymede: Thames R.
1215
Glorious Revolution 1688 put William
of Orange. English Bill of Rights ‘89
John Locke father of classical liberalism
gov limited, people have rights
Declaration of Independence 1776
Treaty of Westphalia
1648
ended 30 yrs war and 80 yrs war
established boundaries of countries in europe
foundation of modern treaties
Colombian Exchange
exchange of goods, techniques, disease among europe, africans, native Americans
3 types of colonization
conquest (spain in mexico and peru
commerce (france/ fur trade)
settlement (english N Am colonies)
Age of Discovery
(and periods that followed)
soon after Gutenberg press (1450)
15th century
(sea travel)
then—
Renaissance
then—
Reformation 1500-1650
then—
scientific Revolution
then
The Enlightenment OR Age of Reason
American Enlightenment 1700-1800
Classical Republicanism
(America)
reason, religious tolerance, natural rights
gov by the people
sep of church and state
George Washington—emphasized freedom, indv liberties and rights
Liberalism and American Enlightenment
Lockean Liberalism
from John Locke—social contract—
rights to life liberty and happiness
and property
stamp Act
1765
result: Boston Tea Party 1773
yeoman farmer
everyday worker
hard working
can achieve joy
Edmund Burke
Whig party
America
originator of classical republicanism
citizens rights/ natural rights
Sons of Liberty
organized by Samuel Adams
1765 (after Stamp Act)
Boston (and throughout colonies)
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
(unfair taxes—no representation)
Pontiac’s Rebellion
1760s
tribes rebelled a/g British rule
Great Lakes
tribes burned first kills many
Proclamation of 1764
in response to Pontiac’s rebellion
limited colonists movement to east of appalachia
Acts passed by Parliament
b/4 Am Rev
Proclamation 1763 (limit settlement)
Sugar Act ( no buy sugar from Caribbean
Currency Act (devalued colonist’s $$
quartering Act
Stamp Act tax on many commodities
(1765)
Boston Massacre
(before tea party)
march 5, 1770
anger over:
Declaratory Act 1766 (Parliament made laws in all circumstances)
and
Townsend Acts 1767 (tax on glass lead tea)
led to passing of INTOLERABLE Acts
Boston Tea Party
dec 16 1773
result of Tea Act (this was not a tax
but a control of availability)
Intolerable Acts followed
Intolerable acts
after Boston tea party
1774
—Boston sport Bill (controlled the harbor)
—Massachusetts Gov Act (have british more political power in boston)
—Administration of Justice Act (increased power of the royal governor, loss of right to fair trial)
Quartering Act (1774)
Quebec Act (gave rights and lands to French)
First Continental Congress
Philadelphia 1774
agreed on boycott of british goods
agreed to aid Boston if attacked
discussed representation in parliament
Battles of Lexington and Concord
April 1775
first battle
“shoot heard around the world”
protecting arms stash
Paul Revere ( Dawes, Prescott)
Bunker Hill
fought 6 months after Lexington and Concord)
(Gage—British governor)
(Gen. William Howe—British)
British won but large casualties.
Fort Ticonderoga Battle
Lake Champlain (NY)
Green Mountain Boys and Ethan Allen
attack fort to get weapons
1775
first true American victory
American Revolution
dates
April 19 1775– September 3, 1783
Second Continental Congress
1775–1781
Olive Branch Petition (rejected by king )
war acts and organization
Declaration of Independence
appointed George Washington commander of Continental Army
first CC 1774: boycott british goods unless Intolerable Acts rescinded.
Declaration of Independence
date:
parts:
written largely by T. Jefferson
July 4, 1776
27 grievances a/g the crown
parts:
preamble
indictment (27 grievances)
denunciation (British foreign to America)
conclusion (independent country)
( right to levy war, commerce, Alliances)
Thomas Paine
wrote:
pamphlet: Common Sense 1776, Jan.
advocated independence
Battle of Trenton
1776, december 26
patriots win
motivation for soldiers
army goes on to win at Priceton
Battle of Saratoga
“turning point”
1777
continental army victory
General Gates , Benedict (continental army)
Burgoyne (british)
outcome: victory and foreign support
Battle of Yorktown
Or Siege if Yorktown
Washington traps Cornwallis—Yorktown ,VA
1781
British surrender
american victory
treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
September 3, 1783
end s American Revolution
women’s sufferage in america
1920
slavery after American Revolution
1784—Rhode Island first free state. emancipation spreads in the north.
popular sovereignty
people have the highest power
(not a ruler)
idea during and after American Revolution
Articles of Confederation
dates
problems
first constitution for USA
ratified by congress 1777
ratified by states 1781
used 1781-1789
no power to tax
laws had to be approved by 9/13 states
states were asked to send troops but they didn’t have to.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
allowed and defined path to statehood
used by Minn Wis Ill. Ind ohio Mich
all states between the Miss R and the Ohio R
provisions: free religion, trial by jury, no slavery in new states
Native American population to be left alone. no taking their lands or harassing
Shays Rebellion
Daniel Shays
Massachusetts
1786
farmer went to state courthouse to protest foreclosure of their homes.
it worked
it also showed the central gov was weak
Great Compromise
virginia plan— Bicameral gov.both houses proportional representation
NJ plan—unicameral—equal rep
Rodger Sherman, Conn. =compromise
2 houses,
Federalist Papers
Hamilton, Madison, John Jay
85 essays
3/5 compromise
an enslaved person counted as 3/5 of a person.
founders ban importing slaves by 1808
Constitution ratified
date
june 21 1788
had to be ratified by 9 states
(delaware was first)
eventually all 13
Rhode Island was last in 1790
who presided over Constitutional Convention
George Washington
constitution parts
preamble “we the people”
7 Articles
The Amendments
Preamble
quote it
we the people of the united states, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish the constitution for the united states of america
Articles of constitution
- legislative (power to declare wars)
- executive (president and cabinet)
- judiciary (federal judges and supreme court —traditionally 9 judges)
- states: respect other states, how states admitted, federal gov. to protect states)
- amendment process ( convention of states or supermajority (2/3) of congress plus ratified by 3/4 states)
- topics: debt, treaties, no religious tests allowed, supremacy clause
- 9 of 13 colonies needed to ratify.
Amendments
Bill of rights
first 10 amendments:
1. freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly
2. own guns
3. no quartering
4. no unwarranted searches/ seizures
5. warrant for felonies And right against self-incrimination, double jeopardy
6. speedy trial
7. trial by jury
8. no excessive bail/ cruel punishment
9. no right take away other rights. rights not listed may exist
10. powers not given to fed. are retained by states.
Amendments
other important ones
- abolished slavery 1865
karlee says the Netherlands - born in US=citizen. “equal protection under the law” 1868
- right to vote for all citizens 1868
not enforced until 1960 - women’s vote 1920
- term limit for pres
- vote age 18 1971
qualifications to be president
natural born citizen
35 yes
reside in us for more than 14 yrs
supremacy clause
article 6 section 2
if state law conflicts with federal law—the federal law is supreme.
Louisiana Purchase
1803
doubled size of US
chinese exclusion act
1882
Indian Removal Act of 1830
forced removal of native americans to reservations
Second Great Awakening
US religious growth 1800s
protestant churches
American Civil War
1861-1865
4 years
Emancipation Proclamation
Civil Rights Act
1863
(abolition of slavery 1865)
1964
War of 1812
1812-1815
Britain invaded US
Native Americans join with British
US wins
Monroe Doctrine
1823
James Monroe
US guardian of all land of the Americas
discouraged imperialism
1800s
Industrialization
inventions
sewing machine
telegraph
cotton gin
steam engine
Mexican American War
1946
Pres Polk was US pres.
began b/c US claimed Texas ind from Mexico. it was a border dispute.
Zachary Taylor US general (became president later)
5000 troops
Scoot and troops capture Mexico City
war over
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Rio Grande —border , US paid 15,000,000 for Mexico to cedeland that became: utah arizona colorado
new mexico nevada washington oregon
(7 states)
Antebellum Era
South—1815- end of Civil War
Eli Whitney
invention?
cotton gin
1793
Missouri Compromise
1820
brokered by politician Henry Clay
Missouri enters union as slave state
Maine enters as free
a line stretching west from missouri southern border divers the rest of the country into N free, S slave.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
by Harriet Beecher Stowe
created awareness and sympathy for enhanced peoples.
@1850
Abraham Lincoln
elected 1860 #16
Emancipation Proclamation 1863
freed slave in states that succeeded from union.
Justice Taney said proclamation wasn’t constitutional;
Lincoln said it was B/c it preserved union.
Dred Scott v Sanford
Supreme court decision: blacks (free or enslaved) were not citizens and had no rights
1857
Civil war first shots
Fort Sumter, SC
Jan 9, 1861
then battle april 12-april 14 1861
Battle of Bullrun
July 1861
(also called battle of Manassas)
Confederate victory
this is where stonewall Jackson gets his nickname s as he stood with troops in a walk to defend.
Anaconda Plan
civil war
plan to strangle confederacy
blockade the Eastern seaboard
seize the Mississippi
battle of Antietam
civil war
1862
bloodies day in war
Lee’s forces stopped from N.
Union victory
influenced British and French not to
recognize the Confederacy
battle of Hampton Road
civil war
1862
between Chesapeake Bay and James R.
2 iron clad ships Monitor
Merrimack
confederacy wasn’t able to break through the Atlantic blockade
2nd Battle of Bullrun
22,000 casualties
1862, August
Virginia
Lee and Jackson vs McClellan and Pope
Confederate victory
(2nd Manasseses)
followed by Lee’s campaign of MD
Sitting Bull
Battles
Red Cloud’s War
Little Big Horn (Custer’s Last Stand)
1876
also joined Annie Oakley and Buffalo Bill in Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show
birth name jumping badger
then Sitting Bull
also Supreme Chief of Sioux Nation
Richmond Bread Riots
civil war
1863
after harsh winter food was scarce
women went to talk to Richmond Governor. when he refused riots broke out
Clara Barton
bought supplies and nursed wounded
civil war
Her Action led to the American Red Cross 1881
Consequences of Civil War
750,000 deaths
3.3 billion $$
destruction
economy collapse
share croppers replace slave labor
North:
ag. moves west
immigration—bring people for factories
growth in iron and steel
more railroads
Copperheads or Peace Democrats
oppose war in the north
(civil war)
3 key battles of 1863
civil war
battle of Chancellorsville
Hooker vs Lee
Confederate win
but Stonewall z jackson wounded..dies
Gettysburg (accident)
Lee gathers whole Confederate army
pickets charge ( kills charging conf.)
57,000 dead wounded or missing
3 days fight
decisive turn in war
Vicksburg, MS—1863
Union wind
Siege of cities
Grant captures Vicksburg to control Mississippi R.
Last battles of Civil war
Grant
war of attrition
the Wilderness ( the butcher -lives lost)
Cold Harbor ( confederate won)
Petersburg (broke trenches with huge rail mounted mortar)
Sherman
takes Atlanta, Georgia and then Shenandoah Valley
March to Sea (Atlanta to Savannah) 37 days.
General Order 120–union army forage
(steal) from civilians for food. “bummers” appointed to raid.
they meet and take Richmond
General Sherman
General Order 120
army rather than supplying itself, forages off farms taking food and animals from civilians
bummers forage
take horses from wealthy
not allowed to enter homes
led to “Total War” strategies of 20th century.
Richmond
Appomattox Courthouse
Ford Theatre Assassination
April 12 1865
destructive evacuation fires and explosion.
union occupied Richmond with African American regiment.
Appomattox Courthouse Surrender
April 9, 1865
April 14, 1865 Assassination of Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
running mate to Lincoln 1864
becomes President when Lincoln Assassinated in 1865
opposed by radical republicans
impeached after he fired Stanton (secretary of war)
Amendments
Acts
after Civil War
13th amendment abolished slavery
14th all US citizens right to life liberty and property (equality before the law)
military reconstruction act
harsh rules on south
tenure of office act ( president can’t remove an official previously approved by congress… Johnson removed Stanton… Johnson impeached 1868… acquitted by senate.
Ulysses s Grant
General of Union Army
18th president
believed in equal rights
legislated a/g hate groups (kkk)
Amnesty Act restored confederate leaders right to vote/ hold office
15th amendment—all men vote
Alonzo Herndon
Freed after CW
Atlanta
becomes barber
Atlanta life ins co
YMCA
funds black churches and education
Booker T Washington
after freed
worked in salt mines in VA
mother gave him a book to learn read
becomes teacher
taught black people to pursue skills
model: “industry, thrift, intelligence, property”
Tuskegee University
Johnathon Gibbs
from Philadelphia
black post CW
well educated
growth of black churches in south
public school system
FL
1868 Florida secretary of education
Hiram Revels
Mississippi Senate 1869
first black man in US senate 1870
Episcopal minister
University Pres (Alcorn)
discriminatory laws:
passed by “redeemers” wishing to return south to pre CW
black codes
Jim Crow laws
Plessy vs Ferguson (black rode on white only railway car)
1896
state segregation laws ruled constitutional…
Separate but Equal doctrine
2 supreme court cases on segregation
Plessy vs Ferguson 1892
(railway car) separate but equal ok
Brown vs Board of Education 1954
separate but equal not okay!
Homestead Act of 1862
build home
live for 5 years
goal: expand nation from E to W
Transcontinental RR
finished 1869
Promontory Summit UT
ended cowboy life
many corporations bought land
travel 6 days rather than months
railroad inventors
George Westinghouse—air brakes
single track width
spark arresters
Pullman cars —comfortable travel
Indian Wars
@ 1850s-1900
Battle of Little Bighorn
Black hills War (gold discovered in hills
Battle of Wooded Knee
massacre at Sandy Creek
Nez Perce Chief Joseph “ I will fight no more forever”
…
Gilded Age
1870-1900
rich get richer
disenfranchised suffer
native am. assimilation “kill the Indian
save the man.”
Dawes Act
divided tribal lands into plots
end of tribal structure
Indian Civilization Act
1813
Indian Boarding School Policy
Enforcement Acts
1870-1871
tried to protect equal protection under the law.
enforce 13, 14, 15 amendments.
supreme court ruled federal gov could only act against states not individuals in
US vs Cruikshank
Civil Rights Act of 1875
no discrimination in public spaces based on race
ruled unconstitutional—federal gov. count enact non-discrimination laws on privately owned businesses
Second Industrial Revolution
1870s—1915
craft production—to-mass production
wages, GDP rise fast!
inflation
Bessemer Process! (steel production)
Scientific management ( work efficiency paid by production not time)
Bessemer Process
way to process steel cheaply
led to mechanization of industry.
unskilled labor
attempts by corporations to control an industry
pools
horizontal integration
vertical integration
trusts
Robber Barons
Late 1800s
amazed huge wealth
Andrew Carnegie—railroads 1853-1865
Keystone Bridge Co. replaced wooded bridges w/ iron
Steel. Vertical integration
“Gospel of Wealth” share excesss donations: Carnegie Hall, organs for churches, libraries, hero’s fund,
J.p. morgan GE, US Steel
John D Rockefeller Standard Oil
Vanderbilt—steam ships, gold rush, built Grand central Station
Henry Ford—auto Model T. assembly line… higher wages 40 hr. work week,
profit sharing
Reform Darwinism
belief that the strongest businesses survive
(belief held by a Carnegie and other Robber Barons)
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
fire 1911
killed
8,9,10th floors
locked doors, broken elevator
—led to reforms
outward swinging doors
unlocked during business hours
Guilded age inventors
Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse
Pendleton Civil Service Act
@1880
said federal job filled based on merit
determined by exam,
And can’t be fitted for political views.
political machine
focus on keeping an elite group in power (rather than having a platform of issues)
Pres. James Harfield
and pres. William McKinley
we’re both…?
assassinated
Knights of Labor
first real labor union 1880s
urban planning
1900s
as cities such as NYC had problems
MUCKRAKERS raise awareness
Jacob Roos Muckrakers
laws made for safety and sewer etc.
Social Gospel
theory of using gospel to solve social ills:
golden rule
settlement houses
YMCA
Salvation army
The Oregon Treaty
1846
Britain and US agree to split at 49th parallel.
Vancouver Island—british
Washington, oregon, ID
Mexican Cession
lands bought by US in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
1848
(new border the Rio Grande)
Spanish explorers
Cortez
1519–conquered Aztecs (Tenochtitlan)
1533– Baja California
spanish missions
21 missions from Baja to San Francisco
1697– 1821
also pueblo (cities established)
(San Francisco, LA, Santa Cruz)
Ranches- land grants owned by nobles. worked by natives
CA Gold Rush
discovered: SUTTERS MILL by James Marshall
1848–1864
American River
1849 —49ers
300,000 to 1,000,000 people come
huge population growth
CA BECOMES STATE 1850
Dust Bowl
1930-1940
dust storms in Oklahoma, NM, KS, TX, CO
resulted in migration to CA
people called Okies
Federal response/ programs
Dust Bowl
soil conservation act (plant less)
drought relief service (buy cattle)
federal surplus commodities corporation ( gave beans apples cotton to help hunger)
Chinese Exclusion Act
banned chinese immigration from
1882- 1943
Immigrant groups to CA
Chinese (chinese exclusion act)
Japanese (gentleman’s agreement… japanese internment after Pearl Harbor)
Italians (grew grapes..wine)
Mexicans (proposition 187– no undocumented immigrants can receive state services) ( Bracero Program WW2 allowed farm workers to legally come to US)
CA GDP
2.6 trillion
the first city
Uruk
mesopotamia
b/t Tigress and Euphrates R.
4000 BC
kinship
3 types:
lineal
collateral (siblings, cousins)
affinal ( marriage)
cultural geography
interaction between environment and human traditions
environmental determinism
environmental possibility
ED environment determines culture—considered racist
EP environment places limitations, but is not the only factor
cultural ecology
use of culture to ADAPT to environment. (how do cultures react to limitations out on them by environment?)
ecology
how living things interact with environment.
cartography
earliest known
map making
babylon-
2300 bc
clay tablets
Mercator Projection
1569
gerardus Mercator (Flemish)
invents accurate map making
(areas far from equator look stretched)
navigation tools
maps
GPS
GIS (global info system) used by researchers
Theodolite (survey tool) civil engineering
Remote sensing—aerial sensors detect and image large areas (fire fighters, planners etc)
Mappa Mundi
13th cent map
Jerusalem and catholic church center
North America
NW hemisphere
from arctic circle
to
Isthmus of Panama
Africa
North africa
Sahara ) largest desert in world
sub-saharan africa
Eurasia
Europe (north of Mediterranean)
Eastern Europe (Balkan Mt. Black Sea
West Asia (middle East)
Asia
India (sub-continent)
Central Asia
East Asia (along Pacific)
South America
Amazon
Andes mountains (longest in world)
Atacama Desert (west of Andes) driest non polar desert in world
Australia
Arctica
Demography
study of population size, density, distribution
—birth rates, death rates, age distribution
demographic transition
why changes in population
conflict
ecological factors
economic factors
stages of demographic transition
pre-industrial
transitional
industrial
post-industrial
Monroe Doctrine
1823
President James Monroe
warned European powers not to interfere with affaires in western hemisphere
Thomas Aquinus
Italy
1225
christian theologian
divinity/ nature of universe
there is good and evil AND
HUMANITY can distinguish the 2
