History Flashcards
Texas Revolution began with what battle?
The Battle of Gonzales
What year did the Texas Revolution Begin?
1835
In 1836, Texans are defeated by the Mexican army at the Battle of the____.
Alamo
In 1836, Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna at the Battle of_____
San Jacinto
What led to the Mexican American War?
Disputes over claim to Texas land
1861-1865, The American Civil War leads Texas to secede from the Union and join_____.
Confederate States of America
what year were African American slaves in Texas emancipated?
1865
What is Juneteenth?
a holiday celebrated on June 19 to commemorate the emancipation of enslaved people in the US. This was an aftermath of the Civil War.
In 1924, Who was elected the first female governor of Texas?
Ma Ferguson
A case in which the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited the University of Texas from rejecting applicants solely on the basis of race.
Sweatt v. Painter(1950)
Comanche Indians resided in what region of Texas?
Northwest Texas (High Plains)
Lipan Apache Indians resided in what region of Texas?
North Central Texas
Karankawa Indians resided in what region of Texas?
Central and Gulf regions
Jumano Indians resided in what region of Texas?
West Texas (Mountains and Basins)
What is a conquistador?
Spanish explorers who searched for and found expansive amounts of gold in the New World.
a Spanish explorer who, in 1519, mapped the coast of Texas as well as surrounding coastlines. His maps are the first records of Texas history, even though there is no dependable evidence that he disembarked on Texas shores.
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
the first European explorer to actually search the lands of Texas looking for “Cibola,” or the Seven Cities of Gold. Although he did not find any cities of gold, Cabeza de Vaca recorded accurate accounts of interactions with the Native Americans and mapped the geographic characteristics of the land. He was originally part of the Narvaez expedition, which began in 1527, but after disaster struck he found himself wandering the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico in search of Mexico City. Throughout his travels, he lived with several different Native American tribes and chronicled their ways of life. He shared his writings widely upon his return to Europe.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
began his search for the mythical “Seven Cities of Gold” soon after Cabeza de Vaca. His expedition was considered a failure, but it paved the way for further European influence in Texas lands.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Alcaldes
The head of a town in the Spanish territory in the New World
Haciendas
large, plantation-style estates that often relied on the forced labor of conquered Native peoples who would work the land or build needed infrastructure.
Encomiendas
grants from the crown giving the receivers the right to extract as much wealth for themselves from a specific area as possible, either through forced labor or through the payment of tributes.
Why was Sam Houston removed from office as governor of Texas?
He opposed the secession of Texas from the Union.
In the 1790s, Spain discouraged the illegal immigration of Anglo Americans to Texas because Spain was concerned that they would
disrupt the relationship between Spanish settlers and American Indians in the region.
What was the main objection of the Anti-Federalists to the United States Constitution?
The proposed Constitution did not contain a bill of rights.
In addition to being a leader in the Civil Rights movement, Barbara Jordan of Houston, Texas, is widely known for_____?
- Being the first woman elected to represent Texas in the United States House of Representatives
- Becoming the first African American to serve in the Texas state senate since 1883
Southern states attempted to limit the voting power of African Americans during the 1870s in which of the following ways?
They mandated poll taxes and literacy requirements for voting privileges.
Acequias are?
shared waterways to irrigate the fields.
European trade introduced what?
horses, firearms, gun powder, wheat, and alcohol to the new world and chocolate, tobacco, and potatoes to Europe.
In each colony, the Spanish built presidios, which are?
fortified bases which were used to keep out hostile Natives, settlers from other countries, and pirates.
Sieur de La Salle
established a French claim to east Texas lands.
Fort St. Louis, the first permanent colony in Texas, was founded in 1685 by French explorer________, who established a French claim to East Texas lands.
Sieur de La Salle
Empresarios,
Spanish word for entrepreneur, were given unrestricted rights to settle in a region as long as they assumed full responsibility for recruiting and governing colonists in their region.
In 1820, __________secured the first (and only) empresarial grant issued by Spain. His contract allowed three hundred families from America to settle in Texas.
Moses Austin
George Childress
believed to have been the primary author of the Texas Declaration of Independence.
Juan N. Seguín
fought for Texas independence at the battle of San Jacinto and later became the mayor of San Antonio.
Antonio López de Santa Anna
led Mexican troops against Texas as Texas fought for independence. He both lost the war with Texas and had been replaced as president during his absence from Mexico.
William B. Travis
A lieutenant colonel in the Texas Army, Travis fought and died at the Battle of the Alamo.
James Fannin
A leader during the Texas Revolution, Fannin fought and died while leading a group of Texas rebels in the battle of Goliad.
Jack Coffee Hays
served as captain of the Texas Rangers in the early 1840s. He was highly respected for his leadership during the Mexican American War and later became a prominent Democratic politician.
The Law of April 6, 1830
restricted all future immigration of Americans into Texas and encouraged Mexican and European immigration into the region in an attempt to reduce American influence in the area.
Fredonian Rebellion
Haden Edwards, an empresario, lead an unsuccessful rebellion against Mexico in a failed attempt at Texas independence. The Fredonian Rebellion lasted from December 21, 1826, to January 23, 1827.
Battle of Gonzales
Anticipating the move toward independence, the Mexican government moved to disarm Texas, beginning with the removal of a cannon from Gonzales. Mexico was unsuccessful in disarming the village and the Battle of Gonzales is viewed as the first battle in the war with Texas over their independence.
Battle of the Alamo
A fierce battle and devastating defeat of Texan forces in 1836, the Battle of the Alamo is considered a turning point for the war because the bravery of the men who fought at the Alamo inspired Texas soldiers in future battles.
Surrender at Goliad
March of 1836, soon after Texas’s defeat at the Alamo, Colonel James W. Fannin was slow to evacuate his men from the fort at Goliad. Eventually overrun and outnumbered by Mexican forces, Fannin and his men surrendered. Following the battle, all captured rebels were killed.
Battle of San Jacinto
On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston led a surprise attack against Santa Anna. Houston and his men prevailed, and Santa Anna signed a treaty ending the war and granting Texas independence from Mexico.
Which battle ended the Texas Revolution?
The Battle of San Jacinto
After the Civil War, Texas economy began to specialize in what?
Cotton and Cattle
Jim Crow Laws
a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation.
What were Jim Crow Laws meant to do?
marginalize African Americans by denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education or other opportunities.
Black Codes
strict local and state laws that detailed when, where and how formerly enslaved people could work, and for how much compensation. The codes appeared throughout the South as a legal way to put Black citizens into indentured servitude, to take voting rights away, to control where they lived and how they traveled and to seize children for labor purposes.
What are Abolitionists?
those who believed that slavery should be abolished, or ended, in the United States.
Women’s Suffrage
a decade long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States.
Hernandez v. Texas
A landmark supreme court ruling for Mexican-American civil rights, Hernandez v. Texas (1954) ruled that Mexican-Americans have the right to a jury of their peers
Rights to Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition
1st Amendment
Right to Bear Arms
2nd Amendment
Search and Seizure
4th Amendment
Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process
5th Amendment
Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions: Rights to Jury Trial, to Confront Opposing Witnesses and to Counsel
6th Amendment
Abolition of Slavery and Involuntary Servitude
13th Amendment
Voting Rights
15th Amendment
Women’s Right to Vote
19th Amendment
Abolition of Poll Tax Requirement in Federal Elections
24th Amendment
Why was Texas economy able to quickly recover after the Civil War?
Texas had an abundance of grazing and farmland, as well as tall pine trees in east Texas.`
Who won the election as governor of Texas in 1994?
George W Bush
Bush v. Gore
landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court on December 12, 2000, that settled a recount dispute in Florida’s 2000 presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore.
Who was the first woman from Texas to serve as a US Senator?
Kay Bailey Hutchinson
Which of the following was caused by the annexation of Texas by the United States?
The United States and Mexico declared war on each other.
The Battle of Gonzales is referred to as the Lexington of Texas because:
it was a small military skirmish that was the first military conflict in a revolution.
Mexico’s General Colonization Law had what lasting impact on Texas?
It allowed foreigners to migrate to Texas and increase the population.
____________ in Texas was the ninth state and first formerly confederate state to ratify the right to vote for white women.
Woman’s Suffrage
Which of the following nomadic Native American tribes utilized European horses in their buffalo hunting and during military activities?
Comanche
Which of the following industries experienced a surge due to the rise of the railroad industry in the second half of the 19th century?
Logging
Which of the following describes a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?
Most of the Mexico’s northern lands became part of the United States.
The term “pre-Columbian” refers to______
the cultures of the Americas before European settlement.
Olmec civilization
the first Mesoamerican civilization; Invented the long-count calendar, a writing system, and are remembered for the excellence of their stone carvings
Teotihuacán civilization
west of the Olmec area, was known for its monumental pyramids, temples, and roads
Toltec civilization
known for skill in metal work and pottery
Mayan civilization
known for stair-step temples and detailed carvings; had advanced writing and mathematics
Temperance
A movement that began in the 1840’s, dedicated to promoting moderation and even abstinence in the consumption of alcohol.
Miguel Hidalgo
One of the first leaders in the Mexican fight for independence from Spain. His attempt was unsuccessful, and he was executed.
Stephen F. Austin
- led the successful settlement of Texas in 1825
- Father of Texas
- Empresario
Which of the following is true of the Texas Constitution?
The constitution gives only limited powers to the state government
Constitutional government in the United States is aimed at protecting which of the following?
the rights of the individual
Texas school systems are funded through which of the following sources?
state-provided funds and local property taxes
Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 created the “separate but equal” clause, more or less institutionalizing legal economic and social racism throughout the South until the Civil Rights Era in the 1960s.
Jim Crow laws
The Jim Crow laws in the South specifically targeted the liberties of black citizens, and were designed to dismantle Reconstruction efforts to remake Southern society.
the Great Depression
The Great Depression started in 1929-1939 with a crash of the US Stock Market.
Which President is commonly considered the architect of the Great Society?
Lyndon Johnson
checks and balances
The term “checks and balances” refers to a governmental system where one branch of government has the power to “check,” or otherwise nullify, the actions of another branch. The system is designed to restrict one branch of government from obtaining too much power and ensure each branch “balances” the power of another. In the U.S. system of government, the legislative branch makes the laws, the judicial branch interprets the laws, and the executive branch enforces the laws.
The Articles of Confederation lacked which of the following major provisions, which led to their eventual replacement?
a central government that held supremacy over the states
Note: The Articles of Confederation instituted a weak central government beholden to the states, while the US Constitution established a strong central government with supremacy over the states.
The settlers of Jamestown Colony came to the New World seeking ______, while those who came later and settled at Plymouth were in search of ______.
economic prosperity; religious freedom
Which of the following are best defined as rights that are possessed by all individuals, regardless of place, time, or government jurisdiction?
natural rights
Notes: Natural rights are seen as belonging to an individual with no requirement. They are traditionally seen as life, liberty, and property (or the pursuit of happiness). Natural rights, like natural law, extend beyond culture, society, or time period.
Which of the following best describes the economic justification given by Southerners for their support of secession?
Southern planters feared the growing power of the industrial Northern economy and feared losing economic profit and influence as the country industrialized.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Bill of Rights?
to provide additional protections to individuals
Popular Sovereignty
The idea that all powers of government ultimately rest in the people
Monarchy
single person serves as head of state; often granted the position through heredity
Enlightenment
17th century intellectual movement centered on the belief that societies could improve through reason, science, and progress, primarily led by the philosophers: Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu.
Social Contract
The idea that individuals covenant to create and follow a form of government
Preamble to the US Constitution
John Locke
Political philosopher who advocated the social contract theory and a limited monarchy. Encouraged people to rebel if their monarch didn’t protect their natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
Advocated that a ruler rules with the consent of the governed
Inalienable Rights
Rights held by all individuals that are seen as natural to every person and outside the jurisdiction of the government
Aristocracy
form of oligarchy in which the nobility have power and control
Constitutional Monarchy
Governmental system in which a country is ruled by a monarch who is limited in power by a constitution.
Absolute Monarchy
Rule by one person who has supreme authority and is not restricted by written law.
English Bill of Rights
secured the power of the Parliament over the monarchy and guaranteed the individual rights of the citizens. (1688)
Magna Carta
First English document to establish the idea of limited government, or the belief that the king did not have absolute power. Signed in 1215.
Declaration of Independence
Document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. Signed by representatives from all 13 colonies. The document outlined the complaints the colonists had about Great Britain and officially declared the US free from British rule.
Social Contract Theory
According to Locke, an agreement between citizens and their ruler in which the ruler derives his power from his subjects.
Oligarchy
government ruled by few
Common Law
Laws created and developed through judicial decision
Case law
Natural Rights
The rights possessed by an individual with no requirement
Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
Natural Law
Laws universally recognized by the virtue of human reason or human nature
Murder is wrong
Korean War
1950-1953. A proxy war for the cold war. North and South Korea fought for control over the entire peninsula. United States intervened on the part of the South non-communist regime. It ended in a stalemate/armistice, with the temporary division between North and South Korea becoming a permanent boundary between two separate countries.
Cold War
The period after WWII in which the United States and the Soviet Union never truly engaged in warfare, but was marked by political disagreements between the capitalist and communist countries
Ronald Reagan
Elected in 1981, giving a strong boost to the conservative movement
Communism
A political theory and economic system in which all property is publicly owned, and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Vietnam
Pearl Harbor
Site of a surprise attack on the port of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by the Japanese Navy. After, the United States had no choice but to enter the war.
Mexican Revolution
Began as a revolt against Porfirio Diaz whose 34-year term as President of Mexico violated the Mexican Constitution and resulted in a changed social and economic system with a new business class
D-Day
the invasion of the Allied Forces on June 6, 1944, on Normandy’s beach, marking the invasion of Europe.
World War I (WWI)
Fought from 1914-1919 between the Central Powers (mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) and the Allied Powers (mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States).
Central Powers of WWI
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
Allied Powers of WWII
Included the United Kingdom, France, Soviet Union, the United States, and Canada
Vietnam War
1955-1975, United States intervened on the part of the non-communist regime, however, under enormous pressure from home, the United States finally pulled out of the war, allowing the North Vietnamese to easily overcome the stunted South Vietnamese army
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
32nd U.S. President serving from 1933-1945. Known for his New Deal to try to fix the Great Depression and leading the US during World War II. Only President to serve more than 2 terms.
Imperialism
Practice of one country taking over another
Great Britain controlling India
Nationalism
A strong devotion to one’s country, a strong sense of patriotism
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty signed on June 28, 1919, between the Allies and Germany, to end WWI
Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)
As a Senator in Texas in the 1950s, he spearheaded the NASA Space program in Houston, Texas. He later became President of the United States after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963. Architect of the Great Society programs to combat poverty.
Baby Boomers
The generation born following WWII (1940s). This population bubble has had a significant impact on American culture, economy, and politics as the baby boomers have aged. Their concerns became the primary concerns of the nation.
World War II (WWII)
Fought from 1939-1945 between the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and Allied powers (France, Great Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union).
Great Society
A series of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ).
Medicare and Medicaid
Butler Act
A Tennessee state law that made it a crime to teach evolution in public schools
17th Amendment
Allows the direct election of senators by the citizens of the state
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that portrayed the horrors of slavery.
Railway Labor Act
A federal law passed in 1926 which didn’t allow railroad or airline industries to strike, but allowed bargaining, arbitration, and mediation.
Progressive Movement
A middle-class movement to correct changes in a system that had been corrupted by an abuse of power by the wealthy
19th Amendment
Ratified in 1920, it gave women the right to vote (known as women’s suffrage).
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Passed in 1854; allowed each state to choose whether it would allow slavery or not.
Seneca Falls Convention
Held in New York in 1848, this convention is seen as the first organized step in the women’s suffrage movement
Women’s Rights Movement
Focused on women’s right to vote, own property, retain their earnings, and participate in labor organizations.
Theodore Roosevelt / Teddy Roosevelt
26th President of the United States; known for his leadership in the Progressive Movement
18th Amendment
Ratified in 1917 and established the prohibition of alcohol. (Remember with: you can’t drink at 18) Was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933
Abolitionists
People who believed slavery was wrong and immoral
Matilda Joslyn Gage
Co-founder, along with Anthony and Stanton, of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.
Susan B. Anthony
Advocated for women’s rights, specifically suffrage and property rights.
16th Amendment
Allows the government to collect taxes on income
Progressivism
A political movement in the early 1900s focusing on social change or an increase in the power of the US federal government
Bleeding Kansas
Violent confrontations in Kansas; occurred when Congress divided Kansas and allowed each to choose whether or not it would allow slavery
Fugitive Slave Act
Required escaped enslaved people to be returned to their owners
John Brown
Most controversial abolitionist; led a group on a raid of a weapons arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
21st Amendment
Repealed the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933 by ending prohibition (Remember with: you need to be 21 to Drink)
Labor Day
A federal holiday passed by Congress in 1894 to celebrate the labor movement and American workers.
Lakota
A Native American tribe that transformed from sedentary to nomadic with the introduction of horses.
Indentured Servants
Workers who were bound to work for a specific amount of time, typically seven years, in Jamestown.
Federalists
The first political party in the US; advocated for a strong central government.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty signed in 1848 that ended the Mexican American War, sparked by the Texas Revolution. Gave the US an additional 525,000 square miles for $15,000,000.
Emancipation Proclamation
The declaration by President Lincoln that freed slaves in rebelling states.
Mexican-American War / Mexican War
1846 - 1848. A war between the United States and Mexico over western territories (specifically sparked by annexation of Texas).
Civil War
1861-1865. Fought between the northern and southern states of the US. Causes of the war centered on the issue of slavery and the rights of the states vs. the federal government.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
The sweeping social, economic, and political reforms passed by Republicans in Congress
Indian Territory
Established in 1830, land in modern-day Oklahoma where Congress planned to move Native Americans
Homestead Act of 1862
Gave 160 acres of land to American settlers if they would farm it. Settled the Great Plains but led to conflicts with Native Americans.
Treaty of 1818
An agreement between the US and Great Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon territory.
Louisiana Purchase / Louisiana Territory
The contract between President Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon that acquired the land from the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains for $15,000,000.
Missouri Compromise Line
A line located at 36 degrees 30’; according to the Missouri Compromise, states south of this line inducted into the union would be slave states; states above the parallel would be free states.
Battle of Saratoga
Fought in New York, the American victory is often called the turning point of the Revolutionary War. 1777
Sugar Act of 1764
A tax enacted on all British colonies by Parliament on sugar, textiles, coffee, wine, and indigo.
George Washington
Often called the “Father of his Country,” Washington served in many capacities: as a member of the First and Second Continental Congress; as Commander-in-Chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolution; as president of the Constitutional Convention; as the first president of the United States.
Quartering Act of 1765
Required colonists to provide room and board to British soldiers.
14th Amendment
Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the US would be US citizens and citizens in the state in which they live. Gave all citizens due process.
Reconstruction
The period after the Civil War where the Confederate states and the Union states began the rebuilding of a single nation. Legislation was passed to ensure equality for former slaves, but longterm impacts were limited.
Thomas Jefferson
Author of the Declaration of Independence; one of America’s founding fathers; third president of the United States.
Whiskey Rebellion
Rebellion of farmers in Pennsylvania in response to a tax on whiskey; suppressed by Washington’s federal government. 1791
Monroe Doctrine
The policy developed in 1823 by President James Monroe that there would be no colonization in the Americas by European powers.
Mayflower
Ship carrying Puritan Separatists who wanted religious freedom and established Plymouth Colony present day Massachusetts.
Lewis and Clark
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the first Europeans to explore the Louisiana Territory.
Robert E. Lee
commander of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War
Compromise of 1850
A group of bills which alleviated conflict between the North and South regarding slavery in new states. Designed by Henry Clay.
Plymouth Colony
First permanent English settlement in Massachusetts (1620)
Worcester v Georgia
A ruling by the Supreme Court in 1832 that said the Cherokee nation was a distinct community
Jefferson Davis
A senator from Mississippi who served as the president of the Confederate States of America.
Manifest Destiny
The belief during the nineteenth century that the US was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Boston Massacre of 1770
British soldiers fired into a protesting mob; symbolizes the tension between the colonists and the British.
15th Amendment
Gave the right to vote to every male citizen regardless of race, color, or previous servitude.
Trail of Tears
The mass relocation of Native Americans from East of Mississippi and the south to territories in Oklahoma. The Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee people were moved
House of Burgesses
The first elected legislative body which became a model for other colonies governmental systems. Met in Jamestown, Virginia.
Stamp Act of 1765
Levied on only the American colonies, this tax was on all printed materials.
Seminole Indian Wars
A series of wars in Florida between the US and the Seminole Native Americans. Resulted in Seminole being pushed out of their homelands into the Everglades or West of the Mississippi.
Articles of Confederation
The first written constitution in the colonies, ratified in 1782.
Battle of Gettysburg
The Union defeat of the South’s army which was led by General Robert E. Lee, in 1863, and which served as a turning point of the war.
Townshend Act of 1767
Levied new taxes on imported items like paper, glass, lead, tea, and paint.
Enlightenment
17th century intellectual movement centered on the belief that societies could improve through reason, science, and progress, primarily led by the philosophers: Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu.
Andrew Jackson
Won fame by defeating the British in the War of 1812; later became president of the US
Freedman’s Bureau
An agency developed by the War Department in 1865 to assist former slaves with food, housing, education, healthcare, and employment.
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896: The Supreme Court ruled in this case that racial segregation for public facilities was constitutional, as long as they were “separate but equal.”
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Ended the Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain and recognized American independence. Signed in 1783
The American Revolution of 1776 / The War for Independence
The war for independence between the American colonies and Great Britain.
Tea Act of 1773
The British East India Company received permission from Parliament to have a monopoly on the sale of tea.
Declaration of Independence
Document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. Signed by representatives from all 13 colonies. The document outlined the complaints the colonists had about Great Britain and officially declared the US free from British rule.
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United states. He was president during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
Alexander Hamilton
First Secretary of the US Treasury, oversaw the creation of the Bank of the United States.
Dred Scott Case
Case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Scott, a former slave, was not a citizen and had no right to sue in court.
