History 121: Mid-Term

Question 1

13th Amendment

Answer 1

SB: Abolishes slavery, and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.(December 6, 1865)

Question 2

14th Amendment

Answer 2

SB: Southern states had to sign it before they rejoined union. Defines citizenship, contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause, the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and deals with post-Civil War issues. (July 9, 1868)

Question 3

15th Amendment

Answer 3

Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. (February 3, 1870)

Question 4

“New Nationalism” versus “New Freedom

Answer 4

Roosevelt phrase under the Republican party democracy for the small person instead of the corporation.

Question 5

General allotment act Dawes Act

Answer 5

SB: 1887 assimilate the native americans

Question 6

Square Deal

Answer 6

(early 1900’s) Roosevelt become president. SB: Gets big PR boost from siding with Pennsylvania coal minors.

Question 7

Black Codes

Answer 7

Laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans’ freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. This is significant because it pissed off radical republicans.

Question 8

Andrew Johnson

Answer 8

President from 1865-1869. He was a racist democrat. Johnson radicalized the North

1) KKK running a muck
2) Black Codes
3) Pardoning the South too quickly
4) Johnson veto’s freedman’s Bureau
5) Veto’s Civil’s rights act 1866

Question 9

Radical Republicans

Answer 9

3. Benjamin Wade
   a. Senator from Cincinnati
   b. Hard-core radical republican.
   c. Had a very different vision of reconstruction.
   d. Started presenting it in 1864. Lincoln actually infuriated Wade.
   e. Wanted Governors for all occupied states. (Essentially Colonies)
   f. Majority of whites have to sign loyalty oaths.
   g. No former confederates could hold state offices.
   h. Constitutional reformation of slavery and reparations of debt.
   
   4. Thaddeus Stevens
      a. Confiscate the land of the big slave owners.
   5. Charles Sumner
      a. Wanted to give slaves the right to vote.

Question 10

Ku Klux Klan Act

Answer 10

Ku Klux Klan Act (1887)

a. Southern politics becomes incredibly violent.
b. This lead to the Ku Klux Klan Act
c. Grant used the army on a few occasions. 1873-74
d. Supreme Court rules that it is up to the states to protect voting rights.
e. KKK is the military arm of the democratic party

Question 11

Compromise of 1877

Answer 11

C. Compromise of 1877

a. Democrats get the postal position on the Cabinet
b. Rutherford Hayes get to be President

Question 12

Jim Crow

Answer 12

a. Comes to mean segregation and that no one will challenge the dominance of white people
b. Society is separated into two sphere’s
c. Separate facilities, different pay scales, get off sidewalk when whites walk the other way.
d. New campaign of violence (lynching) 1880-1890’s
i. 5000 lynched with impunity
e. Politics of intimidation.
i. In order for Africans Americans to accept Jim Crow laws they needed to know that whites were willing to be violent and they would get away with it.

Question 13

Sand Creek Massacre

Answer 13

November 29, 1864
700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Indians, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Question 14

Wounded Knee

Answer 14

(1890) 300 people 200 women and children were killed by the us 7th cavalry. South Dakota

Question 15

Homestead Act

Answer 15

(1862) Passed by Lincoln The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a “homestead”, at little or no cost. In the United States, this originally consisted of grants totaling 160 acres

Question 16

Railroads

Answer 16

Railroads first came to the United States in the 1830.
Railroads
- By far the “most significant technological innovation” of the 19th century were railroads.
- Revolutionized transportation and therefore markets.
○ 6 months by 1900 you could do it in a week.
- The investment
○ English
○ Rich Americans
○ Local, State and Federal government gave money and land
○ Now everyone invest in the United States
- Transcontinental
- Why Railroads?

Question 17

Barbed Wire

Answer 17

After 1885; end of the “Open Range.”

• Barbed wire
• New breeds

Question 18

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 18

- Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
		○ Came from Scotland
		○ Worked at the Pennsylvania railroad. 
		○ Got into the Steel Industry
			§ 1st adaptor
				□ Used the best technology or ideas right away
			§ Vertical integration
				□ Buy steel
				□ Coal
				□ Railroad
		○ Kept cost and safety down
			§ 3000 people died

Question 19

J. Pierpont Morgan

Answer 19

• Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913)
  ○ Genius and rich
  ○ Efficiencies of Scale
  § Standardized tracks

Question 20

John D. Rockefeller

Answer 20

• John D. Rockefeller (1939-1937)
  ○ Made Standard Oil company
  ○ Vertical integration

Question 21

Isaiah Singer

Answer 21

Isaiah Singer 1st 2nd generation industrial revolutionary

• Sewing Machines
• Installment loans
• Creating consumer demand

Question 22

Henry Ford

Answer 22

Early 20th century: how to make expensive luxury goods available to masses?
Henry Ford (1863-1947): make cars accessible to ordinary people
1913: moving assembly lines produce 200,000 cars a year
Ford a global hero
Assembly line paid his guys 5 dollars a day

Question 23

Thomas Alva Edision

Answer 23

The inventors

- The American industrial revolution was spurred on by literally thousands of new intentions.
- Iconic companies
- Edison 1847-1931

Question 24

Horatio Alger, Jr.

Answer 24

(January 13, 1832 – July 18, 1899) was a prolific 19th-century American author, best known for his many juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty. His writings were characterized by the “rags-to-riches” narrative, which had a formative effect on America during the Gilded Age.

Question 25

American Federation of Labor

Answer 25

Founded in 1881 as a federation of trade union composed of skilled, white, native-born workers. Important because it was one of the earlier attempts to organize labor.

Question 26

Haymarket massacre

Answer 26

(1886) Violence during an anarchist protest at hay-market square in Chicago. Lead to the death of eight including 7 police officers. Lead to the trial of eight anarchist.

Question 27

Lincoln Steffens

Answer 27

Progressive (1866 -1936) was a New York reporter who launched a series of articles in McClure’s that would later be published together in a book titled The Shame of the Cities. He is remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities.

Question 28

Charlotte Perkins Gillman

Answer 28

Progressive (1860 - 1935) was a prominent American feminist, sociologist, novelist, writer of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction, and a lecturer for social reform. She was a utopian feminist during a time when her accomplishments were exceptional for women, and she served as a role model for future generations of feminists because of her unorthodox concepts and lifestyle.

Question 29

Francis E. Willard

Answer 29

Progressive (1839 – 1898) was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women’s suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Question 30

Jane Addams

Answer 30

Progressive (1860-1935) was a pioneer settlement social worker, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace.
Whole house.
Settlement house movement in London

Question 31

W.E.B Du Bois

Answer 31

Progressive i. WEB DuBois (1868-1963)

i. Sociologist
ii. Founded the NCAACP

Question 32

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 32

(1896) U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites.

Question 33

Silver v. Gold Currency

Answer 33

(1893-1897) Farmers wanted Silver for inflation. Bankers wanted Gold for less inflation.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act: Bi-metallic currency

Question 34

Depression of 1893-97

Answer 34

Depression, 1893-97
	- The Panic of 93
	- Silver and Gold
	- Democrats and Populists
	- Republican Victory
	- 1896: critical election
	- Willian McKinley
	- 1900: Re-alignment
It's importance because McKinley was elected and caused a shift in politics from Domocratic to republican.

Question 35

Billion Dollar Congress

Answer 35

Passed a lot of legislation. It was criticized as the “Billion Dollar Congress’” for its lavish spending and, for this reason it incited drastic reversals in public support that led to Cleveland’s reelection in 1892.

Question 36

Willian Jennings Bryan

Answer 36

1860-1925
	- From Nebraska
	- Evangelical
	- Had a good voice to be a big time speaker
	- Wrote the cross of Gold speech
		○ Farmers are Jesus
		○ Gold forces are like the romans

Question 37

Willian McKinley

Answer 37

Historians regard McKinley’s 1896 victory as a realigning election, in which the political stalemate of the post-Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System, which began with the Progressive Era.

Question 38

The Maine

Answer 38

The Maine is best known for her catastrophic loss in Havana Harbor on the evening of 15 February 1898. Sent to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain, she exploded suddenly without warning. U.S. blamed Spain. Spanish American War

Question 39

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Answer 39

The concept had an enormous influence in shaping the strategic thought of navies across the world, especially in the United States, Germany, Japan and Britain, ultimately causing a European naval arms race in the 1890s, which included the United States.

Question 40

Emilio Aguinaldo

Answer 40

is officially considered the First President of the Philippines (1899-1901) and led Philippine forces against the United States during the Philippine-American War (1899-1901). He was captured in 1901 and went into exile on Guam, finally returning to the Philippines decades later.

Question 41

The Progressives

Answer 41

Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of american life. school health environment, education, labor and politics

Question 42

Pure Food and Drug Act

Answer 42

(1906) First law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.

Question 43

16th Amendment

Answer 43

(1913) Legalized federal tax income

Question 44

17th Amendment

Answer 44

(1913) Progressive reform that required U.S. senators to be elected directly by voters; previously, senators were chosen by state legislatures.

Question 45

18th Amendment

Answer 45

(1919) Prohibition amendment that made illegal the manufacture, sale or transportation of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1933.

Question 46

19th Amendment

Answer 46

(1920) Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex.

Question 47

Federal Reserve Act

Answer 47

(1913) is an Act of Congress that created and set up the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America

Question 48

New Nationalism vs. New Freedom

Answer 48

1912 Election
Split in the Republican party
New Nationalism= Roosevelts plan
- Federal regulation of all interstate business
- Laws ending child labor
- Minimum wages for women
- A nationwide primary system for choosing presidential candidates
- A national system of old-age pensions
- Woman’s suffrage (this represented the first time a major party had advocated nationwide woman’s suffrage)
New Freedom= Woodrow Wilson's plan
- Lowering the protective tariff
- Creating a better banking system
- Strengthening antitrust laws

Question 49

The Modern Temper

Answer 49

After World War I, America was seen by many as crumbling culturally. This belief led to confusion among Americans and radical reactions to 19th century cultural assumptions.