History Flashcards
What did the second public health act make compulsory for local authorities and when was it
Provide clean water
Provide proper sewage systems
Collect rubbish on the street
Appoint a Medical Officer of Health
1875
How much sewers were built and how built them in how long?
1,800 kilometres by Joseph bazalgette
When was London hit by the Great stink and what did it do?
1858 because parliament was next to the river Thames the politicians smelt the stench forcing them to do something about it
When was the second reform act and what did it do?
1867 and shifted the voting population which helped to improve living conditions across the uk
When did Louis Pasteur publish his germ theory?
1861
Who first brought inoculation to Britain and from where?
Lady Mary wortley montagu from tukey
Who invented small pox vaccination
Edward Jenner
When was the industrial revolution in Britain?
1760-1840
What was John snows impact
Snow proved cholera was linked with bad water
Who was William Farr and what did he do?
William Farr collected medical statists that recorded how people died, snow used this to link cholera with water
How did snow link cholera with water?
Snow saw on farr’s statistic that victims of the cholera epidemic lived near broad street water pump
He then removed the pump handle forcing people to go to a different one
This stopped the spread of disease
Later snow realised a toilet was leaking into the water pipe
This confirmed cholera was not airborne but water borne
What did queen Victoria use as anaesthetic and when?
Chloroform 1853
What did the death rate fall by from the use of carbolic acid by lister
The death rate fell from 46% to 15%
Why did lister face criticism over his use of carbolic acid? Give 2 reasons
Others repeated the experiment he did however they didn’t sterilise equipment properly and they failed
Carbolic acid was irritating to breathe in and hurt their lungs and skin
When was pasteurs germ theory widely accepted?
By 1880
What were the 3 problems with surgery in the 1800’s
Pain
Bleeding
Infectiosn
How did Jenner create the vaccine?
Jenner believed that people who had cowpox were immune to small pox
Jenner gave an 8 year old boy called james phipps cowpox before injecting smallpox. James didn’t catch smallpox
Jenner tested this on 16 more patients and got the same results
When did Jenner publish his research
1798
What was religious opposition against the vaccine?
Some people in the church thought it wasn’t natural and against gods will
The creation of the anti-compulsory vaccination league in 1866
When were vaccine made compulsory?
1853
Why was Jenner facing opposition other than religion?
Many had tried his experiment but failed due to a contamination.
Jenner could not prove how vaccinations worked
How much did parliament give Jenner for reader has and when
£10,000 in 1802
How many people died in London from the “great plague” (bubonic plague)?
100,000 people died almost 25% of London’s population
What did people believe caused the plague
Miasma or supernatural/religious causes
What were some remedies for the plague?
Bloodletting through leeches or moving to the countryside
What were some improvements between the Black Death (1348) and great plague (1665)
People recognised connection between dirt and disease
Local governments more organised
Quarantine was enforced
Bodies buried at least 6 foot under
Communal gatherings banned
When was the Black Death
1348
What was the impact on the church from the Black Death
Lots of experienced priests died and new clergymen demanded high wages
What percentage of the population are estimated to have died from the Black Death?
30-45%
What were 3 theories developed by Hippocrates
Clinical observation
Four humours
Hippocrates oath
What was yellow bile related to?
Summer and fire
What was phlegm related to?
Winter and water
What was black bile related to?
Autumn and earth
What was blood related to
Spring and air
What were the 4 humours
Yellow bile,black bile,blood,phlegm
What was galens theory?
Galen created the theory of opposites which believed in balancing the four humours by giving a patient the opposite to their symptoms
Why was Galen supported by the church?
He believed in one god
How long did galens ideas last for?
1,400 years
What did paré do to treat gunshot wounds and when?
He used rose oil turpentine and egg white cream in 1537 instead of cauterising with oil
What did paré do instead of cauterising wounds before amputation
Tied ligatures
When did paré publish his findings
1575
What did Harvey believe?
That blood circulated around the body
How did Harvey show blood circulated around the body?
By using valves to show blood could only flow one way in the body
He thought too much blood was in the body to be continually created as fuel
When did Harvey’s findings become useful
1901 when blood groups were discovered
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
How did Fleming discover penicillin?
In 1928, he accidentally left out some Staphylococcus bacteria in his laboratory. Mould grew on one of the plates.
The germs beside the mould stopped growing.
This mould was a fungus called Penicillin. Fleming called it a natural antiseptic (it is actually an antibiotic).
When did Fleming publish his finding of penicillin?
1929
What were 4 medical advances during the 20th century
Penicillin
Mobile x-ray machines
Plastic surgery
Blood transfusions
According to Charles booth what percentage of people in London were living in poverty
30%
How many people were below the ‘poverty line’ according to seebohm rowntree in york
20,000 or 28%
What was the poverty line
The minimum amount of money a person needed to stay out of poverty
Who was seebohm rowntree
A factory owner in york
Who was Charles booth?
British sociologist
When was the national insurance act introduced
1911
What did the national insurance act do?
Provided unemployment benefits
Sick pay
Free medical treatments
What were the 5 giants in the beveridge report?
Greed, disease, idleness, ignorance and squalor
How many copies did the beveridge report sell within a month?
100,000
When was the beveridge report written?
1942
What was the opposition to the nhs?
Doctors did not want to be controlled by the government as they will also have to take a pay cut
What was the success of the nhs?
Child mortality rates have fallen
New and improved hospitals
Healthcare is much better and affordable in relation to the USA
Who and when created the printing press
Johannes Gutenberg 1440
What was the name of Vesalius’ book and when was it published
Fabric of the human body. 1543
Who discovered nitrous oxide
Humphrey Davy
