History 11 Flashcards
1
Q
Where did modern humans originate?
A
Modern humans originated in Africa around 160,000 years ago.
2
Q
What are fossils?
A
Fossils are remains or impressions of ancient plants, animals, or humans preserved in rocks.
3
Q
What is the significance of the Olduvai Gorge?
A
The Olduvai Gorge in East Africa has provided crucial evidence of early human evolution.
4
Q
What was the primary occupation of early humans?
A
Early humans were hunter-gatherers, relying on hunting animals and gathering plant food.
5
Q
How did early humans develop tools?
A
They made tools from stone, bone, and wood to aid in hunting and gathering.
6
Q
What was the Neolithic Revolution?
A
The transition from hunting-gathering to settled agriculture around 10,000 BCE.
7
Q
What is bipedalism?
A
The ability to walk on two feet, a key evolutionary trait in hominins.
8
Q
How did fire impact early human life?
A
Fire provided warmth, protection, and the ability to cook food.
9
Q
What are hominins?
A
Hominins are a subgroup of hominids that includes modern humans and their ancestors.
10
Q
What was the role of cave paintings?
A
They were possibly used for religious or communication purposes by early humans.
11
Q
Where did the earliest cities emerge?
A
The earliest cities emerged in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).
12
Q
What was the role of temples in Mesopotamian cities?
A
Temples were centers of economic, social, and religious activities.
13
Q
What is cuneiform?
A
Cuneiform is the earliest known form of writing, developed in Mesopotamia.
14
Q
How did writing influence Mesopotamian society?
A
It helped in record-keeping, administration, and literature.
15
Q
What was the Epic of Gilgamesh?
A
A Mesopotamian epic that is among the earliest known literary works.
16
Q
Which empire is referred to in this theme?
A
The Roman Empire.
17
Q
What was the extent of the Roman Empire?
A
It stretched across Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia.
18
Q
What was the capital of the Roman Empire?
A
Rome.
19
Q
Who was Julius Caesar?
A
A Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the fall of the Roman Republic.
20
Q
What led to the decline of the Roman Empire?
A
Economic problems, invasions, and internal conflicts.
21
Q
Who was the founder of Islam?
A
Prophet Muhammad.
22
Q
What are the two main sects of Islam?
A
Sunni and Shia.
23
Q
What was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate?
A
Damascus.
24
Q
Which city is considered the holiest in Islam?
A
Mecca.
25
What was the House of Wisdom?
A major center of learning in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate.
26
Who founded the Mongol Empire?
Genghis Khan.
27
What was the capital of the Mongol Empire?
Karakorum.
28
What was Pax Mongolica?
A period of stability and trade expansion under Mongol rule.
29
What was the main occupation of the Mongols?
They were primarily pastoral nomads.
30
How did Mongols communicate across their vast empire?
Through an efficient postal relay system called Yam.
31
What were the three orders of medieval European society?
Clergy, Nobility, and Peasantry.
32
What was feudalism?
A system of land ownership and duties in medieval Europe.
33
What was the role of the Church in medieval Europe?
The Church was a dominant institution controlling religious and political life.
34
What were serfs?
Peasants bound to the land under feudal lords.
35
What was the significance of monasteries?
They preserved knowledge and served as centers of learning.
36
What was the Renaissance?
A cultural movement emphasizing humanism, art, and science.
37
Who painted the Mona Lisa?
Leonardo da Vinci.
38
What was the Reformation?
A movement challenging the Catholic Church, leading to Protestantism.
39
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg.
40
What was humanism?
A Renaissance philosophy focusing on human potential and achievements.
41
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of goods, diseases, and cultures between the Old and New Worlds.
42
Who conquered the Aztec Empire?
Hernán Cortés.
43
What was the impact of European colonization on Native Americans?
Massive population decline due to diseases and warfare.
44
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Britain.
45
What was the steam engine?
A key invention that powered industrial machinery.
46
What happened to indigenous people in North America and Australia?
They were displaced due to European colonization.
47
Which two Asian countries are studied in this theme?
Japan and China.
48
What was the Meiji Restoration?
Japan’s modernization and industrialization movement.
49
What is the 'Out of Africa' theory?
The theory that modern humans first evolved in Africa and migrated to other continents.
50
What is the significance of Neanderthals?
Neanderthals were an extinct species of humans known for their robust build and large brains.
51
What distinguishes Homo sapiens from earlier hominins?
Larger brain capacity, advanced tool-making, and complex social structures.
52
What was the role of women in early hunter-gatherer societies?
Women played a key role in gathering food, taking care of children, and making tools.
53
What were microliths?
Small, finely made stone tools used by early humans.
54
What evidence do we have of early human migrations?
Fossil remains, genetic studies, and archaeological sites across continents.
55
How did climate change impact early human evolution?
It influenced migration patterns, food availability, and technological adaptations.
56
What was the main material used for writing in Mesopotamia?
Clay tablets.
57
Who were the scribes in Mesopotamian society?
People trained to read and write, often working for temples and government.
58
What was Hammurabi’s Code?
One of the earliest legal codes, established by the Babylonian king Hammurabi.
59
How did Mesopotamians measure time?
They developed a 12-month calendar based on lunar cycles.
60
What were ziggurats?
Large temple structures in Mesopotamian cities.
61
What language was spoken in the Roman Empire?
Latin.
62
What was the Pax Romana?
A period of peace and stability across the Roman Empire.
63
What was the role of the Roman Senate?
It was the governing body of the Roman Republic and later the Empire.
64
Who was Augustus?
The first emperor of Rome and the founder of the Roman Empire.
65
What led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
Barbarian invasions, economic decline, and weak leadership.
66
What was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate?
Baghdad.
67
What is Sharia law?
Islamic legal system derived from the Quran and Hadith.
68
What was the significance of the Silk Road for the Islamic world?
It facilitated trade and cultural exchange between the Islamic world, China, and Europe.
69
What was the impact of the Crusades on the Islamic world?
They led to increased hostility but also cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims.
70
What was the contribution of Al-Khwarizmi?
He was a mathematician who contributed to the development of algebra.
71
What was the military strategy of the Mongols?
They used fast cavalry, psychological warfare, and superior tactics.
72
How did Genghis Khan unite the Mongols?
By reorganizing the military and implementing strict discipline.
73
What was the Mongol attitude toward religious diversity?
They were tolerant of different religions.
74
What was the impact of Mongol rule on trade?
It facilitated trade across Asia and Europe, making the Silk Road safer.
75
What happened to the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan?
It was divided among his descendants into different khanates.
76
What was a manor in medieval Europe?
A self-sufficient estate controlled by a lord.
77
Who were knights?
Warriors who followed a code of chivalry and served lords.
78
What was the role of guilds in medieval Europe?
Organizations of artisans and merchants regulating trade and quality.
79
What was the Black Death?
A deadly plague that killed millions in Europe during the 14th century.
80
What was the role of women in medieval society?
They had limited rights but played important roles in domestic and economic activities.
81
Who was Michelangelo?
A Renaissance artist known for the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
82
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A religious movement that led to the split from the Catholic Church.
83
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk who initiated the Reformation by criticizing Church practices.
84
What is secularism?
The separation of religion from political and public life.
85
What was the impact of the printing press?
It increased literacy and the spread of new ideas.
86
Who conquered the Inca Empire?
Francisco Pizarro.
87
What was the Encomienda system?
A Spanish labor system exploiting Native Americans.
88
What was the role of the Catholic Church in Spanish America?
It played a major role in converting and controlling indigenous people.
89
What was the factory system?
A new way of producing goods in large-scale factories.
90
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves.
91
What was the impact of the steam engine?
It revolutionized transportation and industry.
92
What was the Trail of Tears?
The forced relocation of Native Americans in the U.S.
93
What was the main economic activity of European settlers in North America?
Agriculture and fur trade.
94
What was the Self-Strengthening Movement in China?
An attempt to modernize China in the 19th century.
95
What was Commodore Perry’s role in Japan?
He forced Japan to open trade with the West.
96
How did Japan industrialize so quickly?
Through government investment in technology and education.
97
What was the Opium War?
A conflict between China and Britain over opium trade.
98
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A Chinese movement against foreign influence.
99
What was the impact of modernization in Japan?
Japan became an imperial power.
100
When did the Meiji Restoration begin?
1868.
101
What major technological advancement helped early humans store food?
The invention of pots for storing grains and cooking food.
102
What new tools emerged with the shift to agriculture?
The plough, stone tools, and later metal tools like copper and tin implements.
103
How did the invention of the wheel impact early human societies?
It facilitated transportation and pottery-making.
104
Why did cities first develop in Mesopotamia?
Due to long-distance trade, the growth of temples, and the availability of agricultural surplus.
105
What was the significance of the Roman legal system?
It established principles like 'innocent until proven guilty' and influenced modern legal systems.
106
How did Islamic culture influence European Renaissance?
Through translations of Greek and Roman texts, and advances in science and medicine.
107
What role did the Mongols play in global trade?
They secured and expanded the Silk Road, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges.
108
How did medieval feudalism limit economic mobility?
Peasants (serfs) were tied to the land and could not freely change their occupation.
109
What was the Scientific Revolution, and when did it occur?
A period of major advancements in science, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries.
110
How did Renaissance ideas spread across Europe?
Through trade, the printing press, and interactions with the Muslim world.
111
How did European colonization impact indigenous populations in the Americas?
It led to disease outbreaks, destruction of civilizations, and population decline.
112
How did the Industrial Revolution impact global trade?
It increased production capacity, leading to the expansion of colonial markets.
113
What was a major environmental consequence of industrialization?
Pollution and health hazards like cholera and tuberculosis due to urban overcrowding.
114
How did European settlers justify taking indigenous lands?
They believed in their superior civilization and economic systems, dismissing native ways of life.
115
What was Japan's response to Western imperialism in the 19th century?
Rapid modernization through the Meiji Restoration.
116
What environmental issues emerged in Japan due to industrialization?
Mercury and cadmium poisoning led to mass protests against pollution.
