History 102 Final Flashcards
1
Q
Anglo-Afghan Wars
A
- Prelude to WWI (1914-1918)
- Afghanistan is graveyard of empires
- Empires were fighting for control and influence of the area and came into conflict with native people
- Small war that was a prelude to WWI
2
Q
Hostage Crisis
A
- Turning point in Iranian Revolution where it became an anti-American movement
- November 1979 to January 1981
- Iranians took in American hostages and held them for two years
- They were released the day Ronald Reagan became president
- These Iranian radicals believed that using their religion could oppress the American globalization
- Start of Islamic radicalism which is a movement that is sweeping the world in today’s society
3
Q
Afrikaners
A
- Ethnic group in South Africa that descended from Dutch settlers who arrived in the 17/18th century
- Well known for fighting in the Boer War against British
- Undermined British imperil vision and military power
- Associated with oppression of apartheid (state of being apart)in South Africa
- Make up 5% of South Africa’s population and reside in many places throughout the world
4
Q
Fascism
A
- Mixed nationalism with social radicalism
- Sparked and flourished throughout Europe b/c of Great Depression undermining capitalism and parliaments
- Rose to popularity in Europe in 1920s
- Originated from extreme right-wing parties in countries that were angered be the Treaty of Versailles
- Nationalist view based on the idea that one’s nation is superior to others and that it must realize its fate by expanding national borders
- Significant b/c it’s concept of the state and nation as always being more significant than the individual
- Soon became major govt system in Europe while democracy became minority
5
Q
Massacre of Amritsar
A
- April 1919 in Amritsar, India
- Occurred during a peaceful, nonviolent protest
- Celebrating Baisakhi (religious and cultural festival)
- Protesters were fired upon by troops of the British India Army
- Killing 379 innocents
- Caused reevaluation of nation’s army
- Spurred move for Indian independence and Ghandi became a figurehead for nationalism in India
- General Dyer led the British army to open fire on India protesters
- This was a turning point that fueled India’s desire for independence from British
6
Q
Mexican Revolution
A
- Started out as an absolute monarchy that went under revolution and came out a democratic republic
- 1910-1917
- Ended when a constitution was put into the new govt and consisted of number of reforms such as labor rights, sovereignty, land distribution, etc
- Women embraced shorter hair and dresses
- Global significance was the total transformation that Mexio went through
- Inspired by merican revolution
7
Q
Decolonization in Algeria
A
- 1954-1962
- Caused by unfair treatment of Algerians in North Africa who were seeking independence from French Rule
- Although part of France, they were denied many rights that Euros had
- Algerians began to attack the French police and moved to planting bombs in highly populated areas to make a statement
- French didn’t take threats lightly; wanted to assert dominance in North Africa
- The two countries went back and forth attacking and terrorizing each other with no limits
- Algeria gained independence in 1962
8
Q
Mao Zedong
A
- Founding father and chairman of the PRC (founded in 1949)
- Wanted China to have a spot on the global stage
- Goes back to the Treaty of Versailles b/c China was also left off the negotiation table
- Many students and radicals were disappointed in Chinese govt for their failure to fight for their right for a say
- Mao went on long march and gained a lot of supporters for China to become communist
- Significance is an example of a country gaining independence via civil war
9
Q
Woodrow Wilson
A
- 29th President
- Served from 1913-1921
- At TOV he advocated 14 Points which set the idea for new world order
- Called for establishment of League of Nations (an international body made from representatives sent from ll over the world)
- Wilson stood for the people of the world and equality between nations
- Small nations were left out of plan
- Wilson made US a world power and pushed equality and democracy even though the US wasn’t equal (African Americans, women)
- Contradiction b/c he himself instituted many racist policies (segregation)
- Introduced America as a world power
- Developed liberal imperial internationalism
10
Q
Mohandas Ghandi
A
- Extremely important in gaining India’s independence in 1947
- India was a negotiated independence movement post WWII
- Advocated peaceful protest and civil obedience
- MLK Jr. was inspired by Ghandi’s peaceful ways during the Civil Rights Movement in US
- Ghandi argued that India should not be a western nation state
- According to him, India had been corrupted by the industrial revolution
- Wanted India to adopt Swadeshi (local self-govt in small communities)
- Envisioned self-reliant autonomous, self-governed patriarchal system
11
Q
Nicholas II
A
- Tsar of Russia
- Last absolute monarchy
- Reigned until 1917
- Between 1905-1917 there were three revolutions in Russia
- His subjects peacefully wanted reform
- Ordered police to fire upon them
- Helped spark the Bolshevik Revolution
- Issued October Manifesto to elect a Duma who would be elected by the people but essentially had no power
- His rule led to the creation of Soviet Russia
12
Q
Perestroika
A
- 1985-1991
- Political movement for the reformation of the Communist party in the Soviet Union led by Gorbachev
- Involved the restructuring of political and economic system of the SU
- Goal was not to end the command economy but to make socialism more efficiently and meet the needs of Soviet consumers
- Gorbachev’s reforms: price controls, exclusion of owning private property, and govt monopoly over most means of production
13
Q
Comfort Women
A
- 1940
- Women and girls forced to become sex slaves for Jap soldiers during WWII
- Taken by force
- Comfort stations were created b/c Jap soldiers were committing random acts of violence and raping women
- Govt thought comfort women were the key to preventing the crimes
- On avg. a women would be forced to have sex 50+ times a day
- This occurrence is glossed over in history books because the Jap wants themselves to be seen as victims only
- It is the job of historians to remember this event
14
Q
Iranian Revolution
A
- In Islamic Middle East during the 1970s, global markets and social dislocations undermined secular leadership
- Many believed that modernizing and westernizing their programs would lead to materialism and individualism
- Many opposed Shh Mohammad Rez Pahlvi, who had been enjoying US technical and military support since Americans placed him on the throne
- His police force had crushed all previous challenges to authority
- His abuse of power would eventually catch up with him
- In 1979, Shh would flee the country and Khomeini established theocratic state ruled by a c ouncil of Islamic clerics
- Iranians were not happy about his return
- Women lost status, loss of relations in the west, failure to institute democratic procedures
- Most took pride in inspiring revolution based on principle other than ones drawn from the west
- One of a kind revolution b/c it was not based on Soviet, US, or west Europe models
- Went against the grind and called for the overthrow of capitalism, American influence, and social injustice for the Middle East
15
Q
Provisional Government (Russia)
A
- From March-November 1917 after Nicholas II was overthrown
- Only time in history when Russia knew a democracy (they had only known monarchy)
- More moderate than the Petrograd Soviet
- WWI was still happening
- Prov. Govt wanted to continue the war into victory for Russia whereas the Soviets wanted democratic peace and out of war
- Lenin came back to Russia to stir trouble b/c he did not like the Prov. Govt b/s it wasn’t radical enough for him
- Lenin began pushing for another revolution so that communism could take over
- He gained a lot of support from workers and peasants
- Prov. Govt was overthrown during Bolshevik revolution and communism took over Russia
- The Prov. Govt showed that in a country with many poor people, democracy wouldn’t work
- Communism appealed to people more esp. when there was a lot of poverty in the country
- Also showed how easily a govt can be overthrown
