Historiography

Question 1

1905 rev - Pipes

Answer 1

“the terrible weakness of the bonds holding the mighty Russian empire together became apparent to all”

Question 2

1905 rev revolutionaries - Figes

Answer 2

“the revolutionaries played a marginal role until October”

Question 3

1905 - Trotsky

Answer 3

“although with a few broken bones, Tsarism had come out of the experience alive and well”

Question 4

revolution intelligntsia- Pipes

Answer 4

“the masses neither wanted nor desired a revolution - the only group interested in it was the intelligentsia. Stress on alleged popular discontent and class conflict derives more from ideological preconceptions than from the facts at hand”

Question 5

Duma - Floyd

Answer 5

“the Duma never became a parliament in the European sense.. The simple fact of its existence was important in itself”

Question 6

1905 rev - Fitzpatrick

Answer 6

“outcome ambiguous and unsatisfactory to all”

Question 7

BS - Pipes

Answer 7

“damaged irreperably the image of the good tsar”

Question 8

Duma - Pipes

Answer 8

“both the liberals and Tsar viewed the Duma as an arena of combat.. sensible voices pleading for co-operation found themselves villified by both parties”

Question 9

Bolsheviks - Figes

Answer 9

“were simple young men, doers ratther than thinkers. Lenin offered them the idea that something could be done”

Question 10

inevitability - Figes

Answer 10

“the tsarist regime’s fall was not inevitable, but its own stupidity made it so”

Question 11

Stolypin - Figes

Answer 11

“had Stolypin succeeded in broadening the social base of government in the countryside, then perhaps it would not have collapsed so disastrously”

Question 12

Bolshevik organisation - Figes

Answer 12

“as the party was quite undisciplined, it had many different factions and often proved unable to impose its will on them”

Question 13

reasons for Tsar fall - Service

Answer 13

“the general situation and not the Tsar’s personality had enfeebled the regime’s reaction to the assaults made against it”

Question 14

Marxism - Figes

Answer 14

“it was not Marxism that made Lenin Revolutionary, but Lenin that made Marxism revolutionary”

Question 15

WW1 - Figes

Answer 15

“worker’s strikes came to a halt. Socialist united behind the defence of the Fatherland”

Question 16

WW1 Tsar - Figes

Answer 16

” even in war the Tsar struggled to impose his patrimonial autocracy”

Question 17

Feb Rev - Trotsky

Answer 17

“neither at the front nor at the rear was there a brigade or regiment prepared to do battle for Nicky”

Question 18

Tsar fall - Figes

Answer 18

“the undoing of the tsar was not a weakness of will, but a willful determination to rule from the throne despite clearly lacking the necessary qualities to do so”

Question 19

Feb Rev - CCP

Answer 19

“the revolution was victorious because its vanguard was the working class”

Question 20

Feb Rev - Figes

Answer 20

“by and large a spontaneous reaction to the repressions of the 26th”

Question 21

Feb Rev - leaders - Figes

Answer 21

“real strike leaders were the skilled and literate workers on the shop floor, with no party affiliation”

Question 22

Feb Rev rev parties - Mstislavsky

Answer 22

“the revolution found us, party members, asleep”

Question 23

Tsar fall - Pipes

Answer 23

“the Tsar yielded not to a rebellious populace but to politicians and generals and he did so out of patriotic duty:”

Question 24

Oct Rev - CPSU

Answer 24

“the working class followed the Bolsheviks”

Question 25

July Days - CPSU

Answer 25

"the Bolshevik party was opposed to armed action at the time"

Question 26

July Days - Pipes

Answer 26

"orchestrated as a power seizure..masked as spontaneous when failed"

Question 27

July Days - Fitzpatrick

Answer 27

"caught off balance... had talked of insurrection in a general way but not planned it"

Question 28

Feb Rev - Wildman

Answer 28

"had smashed traditional authority beyond repair"

Question 29

Soviets - CPSU

Answer 29

"the Soviets were unwilling or unable to check the criminal deeds of the Provisional Government, and themselves trailed in its wake"

Question 30

Prov Govt - CPSU

Answer 30

"Bols exposed the govt of kerensky to the masses. whole policy was in effects assisting Kornilov's counter-revolutionary plot"

Question 31

Kornilov - Pipes

Answer 31

"Kerensky plot" supressing an imaginary revolution would elevate his popularity and power, enabling him to meet the Bolshevik threat

Question 32

July Days - Figes

Answer 32

"made up everything as they went along"

Question 33

October Rev - Figes

Answer 33

"was a coup d'etat.. but it took place amidst a social revolution that centered on the popular realisation of soviet power"

Question 34

October Rev - Ulam

Answer 34

"did not seize power, they picked it up"

Question 35

October Rev - CPSU

Answer 35

"was confronted by an enemy so compartively weak, so badly organized and so politically inexperiences as the Russian bourgeoisie"

Question 36

October Rev - Fitzpatrick

Answer 36

"many of the Bolsheviks were inclined to use their position in the Soviet to achieve a non-violent transfer of power"

Question 37

Stolypin - Pipes

Answer 37

"a sense of national hope and unity"

Question 38

June Offensive - Pipes

Answer 38

"bolster the Government's prestige and lift national morale"

Question 39

Prov Govt - Smith

Answer 39

"reluctant revolutionaries"

Question 40

class - Smith

Answer 40

"“…the Russian Empire was deeply fissured between the government and the tsar’s subjects; between the capital and the provinces; between the educated and the uneducated; between Western and Russian ideas; between rich and poor; between privilege and oppression; between contemporary fashion and centuries-old custom”.

Question 41

1905 - fIGES

Answer 41

No-one believed more than Father Gapon in the bond between Tsar and people”.

Question 42

WW1 outcome - Figes

Answer 42

"The First World War was a titanic test for the states of Europe – and one that Tsarism failed in a singular and catastrophic way”.

Question 43

WW1 - HIll

Answer 43

"War accelerated the development of revolutionary crises, but their deep-lying causes could not be wished away in times of peace”.

Question 44

Feb Rev - Wood

Answer 44

"“Despite the disaffection of the military, however, it was neither the high command nor the Duma politicians, still less the revolutionary parties, which finally brought about the downfall of ‘Bloody Nicholas’. It was caused by the spontaneous upsurge of the politically radicalized masses”."

Question 45

Feb Rev - Figes

Answer 45

"For the Romanov regime fell under the weight of its own internal contradictions. It was not overthrown”."

Question 46

Prov Govt - Fitzpatrick

Answer 46

"The popular revolution became progressively more radical, while the elite revolution moved towards an anxious conservative stance in defense of property and law and order”."

Question 47

Prov Govt - Taylor

Answer 47

"“Though called democratic, this government had no popular mandate and little popular support. It simply carried on the old system, just as a hen continues to run around the yard when its head has been cut off. No one knew how to change direction”."

Question 48

Prov Govt - Pipes

Answer 48

"Russia was governed – or rather misgoverned – by a regime of dual power, under which the soviets subverted the authority of the administration without assuming responsibility for the consequences”."

Question 49

April Thesis - Wood

Answer 49

"Lenin’s programme manifestly reflected and articulated the increasingly radical temper of the party rank-and-file and the militant workers and troops”."

Question 50

Prov Govt compromised - Wood

Answer 50

"“The ‘collaboration’ of Menshevik and SR ministers with the bourgeois, pro-war government meant that the Bolsheviks were now the only political faction which pursued an unswervingly anti-war policy”."

Question 51

role of class - Rosenberg

Answer 51

"“Indeed, as imperial Russia’s state-capitalist structure did begin to crumble, at once cause and consequence of the deprivations of war and revolution, the analytic logic of class difference and conflict became the insidious, ideologized passions of class warfare”."

Question 52

role of Bols - Nove

Answer 52

"They sought to reap the whirlwind. They contributed to the breakdown but did not cause it”."

Question 53

role of bols - Sevice

Answer 53

"“If Lenin had never existed, a socialist government would probably have rule Russia by the end of [1917].”"

Question 54

Oct Rev - Wood

Answer 54

"It succeeded by default rather than design…the events of 24-26 October were marked by confusion, apprehension, uncertainty and opportunism…After hours of indecision and ignored ultimatums punctuated by sporadic and innocuous shell-fire, the Palace was infiltrated (not stormed)”."

Question 55

Bolchevik organization - Hill

Answer 55

". The party’s organisation allowed great flexibility in maneuver, combined with firmness and strength in pursuit of the clearly envisaged ultimate objectives"

Question 56

Bolshevik organization - Rosenberg

Answer 56

"the notion of the party as a disciplined conspiratorial block determined from the start to seize power is and has always been a distorting caricature”."

Question 57

Oct Rev popular - Ulam

Answer 57

"“Except for the workers at some factories there was no pro-Bolshevik enthusiasm in the population, only apathy”."

Question 58

WW1 - Pipes

Answer 58

"It is a mistake to attribute the February Revolution to fatigue with the war. The contrary is true. Russians wanted to pursue the war more effectively, and they felt that the existing government was not capable of doing it, that existing political structures were in need of a major overhaul"

Question 59

Oct Rev - Salisbury

Answer 59

"The Bolsheviks did not seize power in one bold clandestine move. They blundered into power, divided, fighting against each other, and until the final moments Lenin had only an occasional role in what happened. "