Historical Perspectives/Integrative Approach to Psychology

Question 1

multidimensional integrative approach

Answer 1

approach to the study of psychopathology that holds that psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

Question 2

factors of the multidimensional integrative approach

Answer 2

biological, psychological, emotional and interpersonal, developmental

Question 3

genetic contributions to psychopathology

Answer 3

genetic factors make some contribution to all disorders but account for less than half of the variability for psychological disorders , aversive life events can overwhelm the influence of genes, specific genes of small groups of genes may be found to be associated with certain psychological disorders

Question 4

diathesis-stress model

Answer 4

individuals inherit from multiple genes, tendencies to express certain traits or behaviours which may then be activated under conditions of stress, the greater the vulnerability the less stress needed to trigger it

Question 5

diathesis

Answer 5

inherited tendency - a condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder

Question 6

chemical transporter - D-S Model

Answer 6

a gene that produces this substance affects the transmission of ST in the brain

• L and S allele
• two copies of the long allele = cope with stress better

Question 7

gene-environment interaction mode,

Answer 7

people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote that disorder

Question 8

central nervous system

Answer 8

processes all information receives from our sense organs and facts as necessary, sorts what is relevant and what is not; checks memory banks; implements the right ruction, spinal cord and brain

Question 9

brain stem

Answer 9

lower and ancient

Question 10

forebrain

Answer 10

more advanced

Question 11

hindbrain

Answer 11

lowest part of the brain, regulated automatic activities

- medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 12

cerebellum

Answer 12

motor coordination

Question 13

midbrain

Answer 13

coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticular activating system

Question 14

thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 14

top of the brain stem, regulates behaviour and emotion

Question 15

limbic system

Answer 15

above the thalamus and hypothalamus, includes the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, septum, amygdala, regulates emotional experiences and learn to control impulses, basic drives

Question 16

basal ganglia

Answer 16

base of the forebrain, includes caudate nucleus, controls motor activity

Question 17

cerebral cortex

Answer 17

largest part, left and right hemisphere, lobes

Question 18

somatic nervous system

Answer 18

controls muscles

Question 19

autonomic nervous system

Answer 19

regulate that cardiovascular system, endocrine system, aiding digestion, regulates body temperature

Question 20

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 20

stress, danger, fight/flight

Question 21

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 21

balances SNS

Question 22

implications for neuroscience in psychopathology

Answer 22

identifiable lesions/damage localized in specific structures do not cause disorders,, damage to ST might impact impulsivity

Question 23

psychosocial influences on brain structure and function

Answer 23

effects of treatment can tell you something about causes, psychotherapy results in either a normalization of abnormal pattern of activity, the recruitment of additional areas, or both

Question 24

conditioning and cognitive processes

Answer 24

based classical and operant conditioning paradigms facilitate the learning of the relationship among events in the environment, makes us able to develop working ideas about the world that allow us to make appropriate judgements

Question 25

learned helplessness

Answer 25

condition in which a person begins to feel that they have no control over their life

• might happen to those who are faced with uncontrollable stress
• learned optimism = positive side

Question 26

observational learning

Answer 26

type of learning that does not require direct experience, learn by observing others

Question 27

prepared learning

Answer 27

certain associations can be learned more readily than others because this ability has been adaptive for evolution

Question 28

cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 28

group of treatment procedure aimed at identifying and modifying faulty thought processes, attitudes and attributions, and behavioural problems

Question 29

degeneracy

Answer 29

moral degeneracy was said to have occurred when a person moved from a rural setting to an urban setting and this degeneracy placed people at risk for poor physical and psychological health, degeneracy as a symptom of pre-existing genetic inferiority

Question 30

contemporary theoretical explanations

Answer 30

nature-nurture debate, multidimensional approach, protecting factors

Question 31

structural explanations in pathological behaviour

Answer 31

damage or dysfunction in areas of the brain responsible for cognitive and emotional functioning will result in psychological and behavioural changes, location of structural damage can have specific influences on behaviour

Question 32

faulty neurotransmitter functioning in pathological behaviour

Answer 32

malfunctioning brain circuits have been examined, norepinephrine or noradrenaline- anxiety disorders, dopamine - addictions, serotonin - many, GABA -anxiety disorders

Question 33

hormonal imbalances in pathological behaviour

Answer 33

hormones carry messages through the body and affect mood, energy and response to stress, abnormalities in cortisol have been implicated in stride related conditions - PTSD, depression, burnout

Question 34

genetic explanations in pathological behaviour

Answer 34

range of genetic influences can be small or large, temperament, genetic vulnerability is polygenic

Question 35

biomedical model of psychopathology

Answer 35

psychological disorders should be conceptualized as biologically-based brain diseases