Historical Perspective On Corrections Flashcards
Crimes, violence, rebellious acts and other acts which are expressly prohibited by the society fall as
Forbidden acts
Those that can be benificial to the welfare of the society such as early traditions and practices,folkways,norma,those that are controlled by social rules and laws
Accepted acts
Anything approved by the majority which is believed to be benificial to the common good.
: Marrying, having children, crop production, growing food etc.
Encourage acts
Early Codes
✓Roman
✓Mohammedan or Arabic
✓Anglo-American laws
Among the 3 Early Codes it has the most lasting and most prevailing influence.
Roman law
Offered the most adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in concise and inconsistent terminology, mature rules in a complete system, logical and firm, tempered with high sense of equity.
The private roman law
Oldest code known to man
Code of Ur-Nammu
“Eye for an eye” “Tooth for a tooth”
Lex-talionis
In code of Ur-Nammu murder, robbery adultery and rape is an example of_________
Capital offenses
King Hammurabi of Babylon about 1990 B.C wrote this code, credited as the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, based on the principles of Retaliation or “lex taliones” which means an eye for an eye.
Code of King Hammurabi
This became the standard law in roman empire particularly in Europe.
Justinian Code
Justinian Code known as
Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of civil law)
To match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crime.
Justinian Code
It is the formulation of all public and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a collection of legal Principles “ENGRAVED” on “METAL TABLETS” and set up on the forum.
The Twelve Tables (12 Tabulae)
A harsh code that provide the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporate primitive concepts (vengeance, Blood Feuds)
Greek Code of Draco
There were the first society to allow any citizens to prosecute the offender in the name of the injured party
The Greeks
This law repealed Draco’s law and allowed capital punishment only for a limited number of serious offense, such as murder or military or political offenses against the state.
Solon’s law
✓It was revised by king sigismund.
✓ Specified punishment according to the social class of offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class, and lower class.
✓Burgundian Code
✓A.K.A Lex Gundobada,
✓Gundobads Code,
✓Gundobalds code
It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually involved pain and suffering.
PUNISHMENT
Offenders should be punished because they deserve it.
RETRIBUTION
Punishment in the form of group or vengeance where the purpose is to appease the offended public or group.
Expiation or Atonement
Punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would happen to them if they violate the law.
Deterrence
✓The public is protected if the offender has been held in conditions where he can not harm others especially the public.
✓ Placing offenders in prison so that society is ensured from further criminal depredations.
Incapacitation and protect
It is the Society’s interest can be better served by helping the prisoner to become law abiding citizen upon his return to the community by REQUIRING HIM TO UNDERGO INTENSIVE PROGRAM of REHABILITATION PROGRAM.
Reformation and Rehabilitation
It is death by means or burning at stake, beheading, broken on the wheel, garroting and other forms of medieval executions. Crucifixion, stoning, etc.
Capital Punishments
Physical torture by means of mutilation, whipping or flogging, stocks, furca, stoning, branding.
Corporal punishment
Traditional form of whip consisting nine knotted cords fastened to a wooden handle
Cat-o-nine tails
The cruel form of whip their knout was made of leather strips fitted with fish hook.
Russian Knout
V shaped yolk worn around the neck and where the outstretched arms of convict were tied to.
Furca
A criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him.
13th Century - securing sanctuary
Tortures as a form of punishment became prevalent.
1468(England)
Transportation of criminals in England was authorized.
16th Century
Transportation was abandoned by the year____
1835
Death penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment.
17th Century to late 18th Century
Pretrial detention facilities operated by english sheriff
Gaols (Jails)
Long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals.
Type of ship used for the transportation of the criminals in the 16th century
Galleys
Decrepit transport, former warship used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th century.
Abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners.
Hulks
Also called “Floating hells”
Hulks
It is the total separation of the head from the body of a person who commits a crime.
Death by Beheading
According to tradition god entered into a covenant or contract with the tribes of Israel which they agreed to
obey his law, as presented to them by Moses in return for the God special care protection.
✓Mosaic Code
✓ The Law of Moises
The early punishment were considered synonymous with SLAVERY, those punished even had their ``HEADS SHAVED’’ indicating the MARK OF THE SLAVE.
Polo y Servicio
The offender was scarred with a hot iron on the flesh part of the hand or on the cheek.
Branding
