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Microbiology > Historical people and Intro material > Flashcards

Historical people and Intro material Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First described microorganisms with a crude microscope

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2
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

First to describe bacteria using a microscope that he constructed. He was able to draw these organisms

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3
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A
  1. Father of bacteriology

2. Discovered bacterial endospores

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4
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  1. Father of Immunology and Microbiology
  2. Disproved spontaneous generation
  3. Came up with pasteurization
  4. Vaccines for anthrax, foul, rabies, and cholera
  5. Discriminated between organism optical isomers
  6. Alcohol fermentation
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5
Q

What is spontaneous generation

A

Thought that living organisms originated from nonliving matter

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6
Q

Robert Koch

A
  1. Discovered bacterial colonies
  2. Discovered method to grow isolated colonies
  3. Proved what microorganism could cause a specific disease
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7
Q

Koch Postulates

A
  1. Took dead animal and streak plated its blood and found a pathogen
  2. This pathogen was then injected into a live animal
  3. Once animals had died then he took another blood sample and streak plated it again
  4. Once this was complete he was able to see the pathogen from the original sample and the new culture are the same.
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8
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  1. No membrane bound organelles
  2. No Nucleus (nucleoid)
  3. Double stranded circular DNA
  4. Cell wall present
  5. Ribosomes present
  6. Binary Fission
  7. Plasmids
  8. Energy generated in cytoplasmic membrane rather than mitochondria

EX: Staph and E Coli

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9
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A
  1. Membrane bound organelles
  2. Nucleus
  3. Mitosis
  4. Double stranded linear DNA
  5. Cell wall
  6. Ribosomes
  7. Some plasmids

EX: Epstein Barr Virus, HIV

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10
Q

Characteristics of a virus

A 
1. No organelles (ribosomes)
2 RNA or DNA
3. Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic
4. Infect cells in order to reproduce
5. intracelluar
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11
Q

Human non-enveloped viruses

A
  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Papillomavirus
  3. Poliovirus
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12
Q

Human enveloped viruses

A
  1. Sars
  2. HIV
  3. Hepatitis C
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13
Q

Micobiome

A

Collection of all the microbiota genomes

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14
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular extrachromosal genetic elements that are not essential for growth but can be when the bacteria is in a harsh environment

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15
Q

Comparative Ribosomal RNA sequencing

A

3 Domains:
Bacteria
Archaea
eukaryotes

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16
Q

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

A

Fungi, protozoa, and algae

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17
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts originally from archaea established residency in eukaryata

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18
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Double stranded circular DNA
16.5 kb
37 essential genes for oxidative phosphorylation
Expression involves over 100 nuclear genes

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19
Q

Evolution

A

Change in line of descent over time to give you a new species (phylogeny)

20
Q

Crown species for Eukaryotes

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi

21
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A
  1. Ester linkage
  2. Glycerol 3 phosphate backbone
  3. Pathogen
  4. Bacterial Metabolism
22
Q

Characteristics of Archaea

A
  1. Ether linkage
  2. Glycerol 1 phosphate backbone
  3. Eukaryotic-like metabolism
  4. Transcription and Translation=Eukaryotic-like
  5. No pathogens
  6. Methanogenesis present
  7. Lack peptidoglycan and have proteins and polysaccharides
23
Q

Compound Light Microscope Characteristics

A

Optimizes resolution with a high gathering characteristics.
Limit of resolution=.2um
40X lens=protozoa, fungi
100x lens=bacteria and archaea

24
Q

Light Microscopes reveal

A
  1. Size and shape
  2. Internal and external structures
  3. Discriminate structures
25
Q

Gram Stain Technique

A
  1. Flood slide with crystal violet
  2. Add iodine for 1 min
  3. Decolorize with alcohol for 20 seconds
  4. Counterstain with safranin for 1-2 min

Gram Neg-RED
Gram Pos-Purple

26
Q

Acid Fast stain differential stain

A

Used: for mycobacterium tuberculosis because it has mycolic acids therefore it was keep the color of the original stain even after being treated with HCL

  1. First stain with Carbofucsin Red
  2. Use HCL
  3. Methylene blue as final stain

Acid Fast: RED
Non Acid Fast : Blue

27
Q

Phase Contrast

A

Dark image is projected on a light background and image contrast from differential refractive index of cell structures

28
Q

Dark field

A

Dark field and light image and allows for greater resolution

29
Q

Florescent Microscopy

A

Tag a part of microbe and hit it with a wavelength of light that will excite it.

30
Q

Electron microscope

A
  1. Has the greatest resolution power and the limits of resolution are .2nm
  2. Shows fine details on the surface and on the inside
  3. Electrons are beamed through and you get a negative image on the paper
31
Q

Confocal Microscopy

A

Allows imaging through thick species and each plane can be visualized

32
Q

Surface to Volume ratio for Prokaryotes

A

Larger surface to volume ratio than eukaryotes because they take in more nutrients and get rid of more waste

33
Q

Differences in morphology

A 
Round=Coccus
Rod=bacillus
Spiral=spirillium
Tight spiral=spirochete 
Filamentous=hypha
34
Q

Arrangement of bacteria

A

Strep-chain of cells
Staph-cluster of cells
Diplo-two cells together

35
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane of Bacteria

A

75% protein
25% phospholipids
Site for energy conservation
Structures such as pili and flagella attach

36
Q

Prokaryotic Transporters

A
  1. Simple
  2. Phosphotransferase type
  3. ABC (ATP-binding cassette)
37
Q

Simple Transporter

A

Driven by proton motive force

38
Q

Group Transporter

A
  1. Chemical modifications of nutrient being transported and driven by PEP( Phosphorylation).
  2. Occurs at cytoplasmic membrane
  3. Glucose is transported into the cell and phosphorylated into G6P so that is can be catabolized to pyruvate and ATP
39
Q

ABC System

A

Used to get nutrients from periplasm to inside cell. Periplasm is a space that is exterior to cell membrane. It is a 3 component system and has a binding protein that takes up nutrients to transporter and move in cell. This will require energy from PMF, ATP or energy rich substance.

40
Q

Phosphotransferase system in E COLI

A
  1. Modifications of Glucose/fructose/ Mannose occur during transport across the membrane
  2. Best studied system
  3. Required 5 proteins
  4. PEP for energy
41
Q

Translocases

A

Used for export of specific materials (proteins) and inserting into prokaryotic membrane

Sec Translocase system: exports proteins and inserts integral membrane protein into a membrane with 7 proteins

Type 111 Secretion system: Insert protein directly into host

42
Q

Gram Positive cell wall material

A
  1. Peptidoglycans (retains crystal violet)
  2. Teichoic acid
    Smooth looking
43
Q

Gram negative cell wall material

A
  1. Peptidoglycans (rigidity and stability)
  2. Outer memembrane (2nd lipid bilayer)
    Rough looking and will decolorize with ethanol
44
Q

Lysosomes

A

Have the ability to destroy peptidoglycans and is a way to control growth

45
Q

Peptidoglycan consists of:

A
  • NAG and NAM
  • NAM is crosslinked by short peptides between strands (tetra peptide)
  • Many layers of peptidoglycan in Gram +
46
Q

NAM has 4 things bound to it

A

L-alanine
D-alanine
D-glutamic acid
lysine or diminopimelic acid

47
Q

Bond between NAG and NAM

A

1,4-glycosidic covalent bond (lysosome sensitive area)

Microbiology (4 decks)

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