historical geography Flashcards
three major historical events on nature of Canadian society
- arrival of the first people
- colonization of North America from france and england
- influx of people from central europe and russia
societal faultine
economic, social, and political cracks that divide regions
4 major faultlines of canada
- regional (centralist/ decentralist)
- Quebec
- Indigenous minority
- immigration faultline
how did the first people arrive to north america
- arrived via Bering land bridge
- were hunters originating from siberia in around 23- 24 000 BP
major ice sheets of canada
- cordillera ice sheet
- laurentide ice sheet
- innuitian ice sheet
what are the three paleo-indian groups
- they were descendants of old world hunters
1. clovis: 13.5-12.5 thousand years ago - make up about 80% of the north american indigenous population
2. folsum: 11-10.2 thousand years ago
3. plano: 10-8 thousand years ago
paleo-Indian culture areas are defined by (2)
- a common set of natural conditions
- common set of hunting, fishing and food gathering techniques and tools
what are the 7 paleo-indian cultural areas
- north-west coast
- western subarctic
- easter subarctic
- plateau
- plains
- eastern woodlands
- arctic
how many language families and languages were there at contact?
11 language families
55 languages
key points of the plains Indian
- migratory
- one chief per group
- bison was main food
_______ indigenous people in canada at european contact and dropped to _______
500 000 & 100 000
ethnocentricity
viewpoint that ones ethnic groups is central and superior, providing a standard at which all other groups are judged
Treaty Indians only obtained the vote for federal elections in ____
1960
what is the royal proclamation
1763
constitutional framework for treaty negotiation
haldiman grant 1784
first major indigenous land grant
granted 950 000 acres which only 4% remain
what was the purpose of the Indian acts
- assimilate Indigenous people
- allowed them to have band councils but they had little power
- take control of their resources and finances and enforce laws
what was different from the royal proclamation and Indian act
- indigenous groups were no longer viewed as the same as others in the political system
- act maintained and broadened the system of enfranchisement
what is a treaty
set aside reserve land, held collectively by and for the benefit of the band, which was owned by the Crown
what were the reasons for treaties from both sides
GOVT
- to have people spread out on the land
- not to have people fighting like in the states
- allies
INDIGENOUS
- were promised land
- provided safety while switching ways of life
major areas of canada that did not have treaties
- atlantic canada
- quebec
- territorial north
- british columbia
what was the white paper
statement from the government on the Indian policy, was canada’s last effort at trying to assimilate Indigenous people
three main principles of the white paper
- to eliminate treaty rights
- to transfer responsibility for Indian people to the provinces
- to eliminate the department of Indian affairs and the Indian act
three attempts at a new Indigenous policy
- Misga’s land claim
- proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline project
- James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
beaver fur
- became very popular and extinct in european fashion to the point where the beaver was virtually extinct in Europe
- originally hunted in Canadian shield and upper canada
french explorers ___________ & ______________ approached Prince Rupert about access to hudson’s bay via interior
Des Groseilliers and Radisson
what was the north west company
hudson bay co biggest competitor during the fur trade
- formed in 1779 by a group of Montreal traders
- merged with HBC in 1821
differences in business cycles with NWC and HBC
NWC - 2 year
HBC - 4 months
pemican proclamation
miles macdonell told people that they were not allowed to trade their pemican because he wanted to make sure there was enough food for everyone which some people didnt like
york boat
massive canoe
red river settlement
land was acquired by lord selkirk and it allowed for newcomers of Canada to have plots of land along the river
who was the first earl of selkirk
thomas douglas
first settlement occurred in an area called ______ and this land was granted from the HBC in _______ of about _______ km2
Assiniboia
1811
300 000
what were the requirement to have people settle the land
- promises/ treaties
- land survey
- transportation (train)
- north-west mounted police
- department of interior
what was the red river rebellion
1869
led by louis riel, eventually led to him fleeing the country into the united states after the troops arrived
when was the north west rebellion
1885
what happened at duck lake
it was a battle between metis people and police, metis people were frustrated as they were not given enough food and it ended with the police retreating
what years was canada open for mass settlement
1891-1921
what was the pressure to settle the west
didnt want US to take it
pros and cons of long lot
provides area at the river, long and narrow
not suitable for rest of the west
requirements to get land
- needed to be 21
- $10 fee
after three years of having land what requirements needed to be met
- cultivation
- residency
- improvement
when did the first railway open in western canada and where
1878
from winnipeg to the US border to connect to other railways which were going to Duluth MN to make it easier to get stuff to southern ON
dominion achieved 4 important goals
- east-west transportation link
- territory secured
- settlement could occur more easily
- easier to move products and trade with others
who was responsible for immigration
clifford sifton
what types of people did sifton want to immigrate?
he was more concerned about the skills that immigrants had as he wanted to increase agricultural output of prairies
who were the people in the two waves of immigrants that migrated to the prairies
1st wave: from Ontario, Great Britain, U.S.
2nd wave: from continental europe
what were the main ethnic groups of western Canada early 1900s
- british
- german
- austrian/hungary
4 challenges with the centralist faultline
- regions are separated by great distances
- regions compete with each other for trade
- fight over federal funding
- geography encourages regions to fall into the economic orbit of the U.S.
what was the national policy of 1879
wanted to create industrial base which would be beneficial to the core ‘heartland’ region as they would be manufacturing goods
