Historical Figures Flashcards
1
Q
John Graunt
A
(1620-1674)
- Wrote Bills of Mortality (book)
- By profession was a haberdasher
- One of the first demographers
- Along with W. Petty developed early statistical and census methods, later provided framework for modern demography
- Considered one of the first experts in epi
2
Q
James Lind
A
(1716-1794)
- Scottish physician
- Pioneer of naval hygiene in the royal navy
- Conducted the first ever clinical trial, developed theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy
- Prevention of typhus - noticed typhus was gone from top hospital floors where patients were bathed and had clean clothes
- Fresh water from sea water
3
Q
William Farr
A
(1810-1883)
- Regarded as the founder of medical stats
- First compiler of abstracts
- Developed a system for recording causes of death
- 1853 Cholera epidemic, gathered stat. evidence to support miasmic theory of disease causation. Showed likelihood of dying of disease was linked to height lived above river thames
- 1855 introduce SMR to compare mortality across occupational groups in great britain
4
Q
John Snow
A
(1813-1858)
- English physician, leader in adoption of anesthesia and medical hygiene
- Considered one of the fathers of modern epi for his work in tracing source of the cholera outbreak 1854
5
Q
Florence Nightingale
A
(1820-1910)
- Made extensive use of stats in compilation, analysis, and presentation of stats on medical care and public health
- Pioneer in visual presentation of info
- Founder of modern nursing
- “Lady with the lamp”
- Established first secular nursing school in the world
- First female member of Royal statistical society (1858)
6
Q
William Budd
A
(1811-1880)
- English physician, epidemiologist
- Known for recognizing infectious diseases were contagious
- Understood transmission of cholera and typhoid fever
7
Q
Jerome “Jerry” Cornfield
A
(1912-1979)
- Odds ratio in case control studies
8
Q
William Petty
A
(1623-1687)
- English economist, scientist, philosopher
- Developed efficient methods to survey the land
9
Q
George Baker
A
(1722-1809)
- English physician
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10
Q
Percivall Pott
A
(1714-1788)
- English surgeon
- Founders of orthopedic
- First scientist to demonstrate cancer may be caused by environmental carcinogen, soot and high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps
11
Q
Edward Jenner
A
(1749-1823)
- English physician pioneer of smallpox vaccine (world’s first)
- Often called father of immunology
12
Q
Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis
A
(1787-1872)
- French physician, known for his studies on TB, typhoid fever, pneumonia
- greatest contribution development of “numerical method” (i.e. objectivity), forerunner to epi and modern clinical trials
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13
Q
Edwin Chadwick
A
(1800-1890)
- proponent of miasma
- English social reformer, noted for reform of Poor Laws, and improved sanitary conditions and public health
14
Q
Ignaz Semmelweis
A
(1818-1865)
- Hungarian physician
- Discovered hand washing could drastically reduce mortality
- Published clinical findings in 1861 on hand-washing reducing mortality, but practice wasn’t acted until years after death when Louis Pasteur confirmed germ theory
15
Q
Robert Koch
A
(1843-1910)
- German physician and pioneering microbiologist
- Considered one of the founders of bacteriology
- Known for his role in IDing specific causative agents of TB cholera, and anthrax
- 1870s: developed seqn of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease (Henle-Koch postulates)
- Contributed to the germ theory of disease
16
Q
Carlos Finlay, walter reed, william gorgas
A
CF (1833-1915), WR (1851-1902), WG (1854-1920)
- Eradication of yellow fever
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17
Q
Joseph Goldberger
A
(1874-1929)
- American physician and epidemiologist employed in the U.S public health service (PHS)
- advocate for scientific and social recognition of the links between poverty and disease
- postulated that pellagra (niacin deficiency disease) was diet related rather than infectious
18
Q
Wade Hampton Frost
A
(1880-1938)
- First prof of epi at JHU in the first Epi dept in the U.S.
- Investigated epidemics of yellow fever, typhoid, polio, meningitis, and influenza
19
Q
Janet Lane-Claypon
A
(1877-1967)
- English physician, one of the founders of science of epi, pioneering the use of cohort and case-control studies
- 1912 published of two groups - cohorts - of babies fed cows milk vs breast milk. Used statistical tests for differences, also investigated confounding
20
Q
Austin Bradford Hill
A
(1987-1991)
- Grandfather of modern epidemiology
- With Richard Doll, first to demonstrate connection between smoking and lung cancer
- Developed theories of association/causation still used today to characterize causal relationships between exp and disease
- Conducted first RCT of streptomycin and tuberculosis in 1946. treatment/control allocated using random sampling in sealed envelopes rather than order of admission as previously done
- Hill’s causal criteria
21
Q
Richard Doll
A
(1912-2005)
- British doctor’s study (smoking)
22
Q
Abraham Lilienfeld
A
(1920-1984)
- recognized internationally as expert in cancer research
- pioneer in developing epi methods for the study of chronic diseases. ‘father of contemporary chronic disease epi’
- 1961, professor and chairman of the dept of chronic diseases at JH school of hygiene and public health
- 1970 professor and chairman of the dept of epi
23
Q
Nathan Mantel
A
(1919-2002)
- Mantel-Haenszel OR and test
- use of prospective logistic risk model to analyze case-control data
- Later in his life known for defending the tobacco industry against claims that passive smoking is harmful
24
Q
George Comstock
A
(1915-2007)
- Chief of epi studies for TB program for U.S public health service
- Directed JH training center for public health research in hagerstown, md
25
William B Kannel
- framingham heart study director
| - first coined the term "risk factor" in 1961 article in Annals
