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New Testament > Historical Events/Persons > Flashcards

Historical Events/Persons Flashcards

1
Q

Alexander the Great

A
  • Reigned from 336-323 BCE
  • Ruled over Macedonia, Egypt, and Persia
  • Succeeded his Father Phillip 2nd after a political assassination (he was age 20)
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2
Q

Antiochus IV

A
  • Reigned from 175-164 BCE
  • Epiphanes means “God Manifests”
  • Prompted the Maccabean revolt by persecuting Jews (defiling the temple, and holy books, and forcing them to eat swine)
  • A part of the Seleucid Dynasty
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3
Q

Judah Maccabee

A
  • Jewish priest who led the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid dynasty 167-160 BCE
  • Removed all of the references to Greek gods in the temple
  • Is celebrated by Hanukkah
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4
Q

Pompey

A
  • Roman general and 3-time consul
  • Received 3 Roman triumphs (special ceremony for military leaders who led Rome to victory)
  • Was associated with Caesar, eventually ended up defeated by him and died of assassination
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5
Q

Augustus

A
  • Roman Emporer from 27 BC until 14 CE
  • Was the adopted son of Julius Caesar
  • Jesus was noted as being born during his reign in the NT
  • Raised a temple dedicated to the Roman God Mars
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6
Q

Tiberius

A
  • Roman Emporer from 14 CE to 37 CE
  • Ruled during the adult life and death of Jesus
  • Was not given the same divine honors as Augustus by the senate
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7
Q

Caligula

A
  • Roman Emporer from 37 CE to 41 CE
  • Wanted to put a statue of himself in the Temple of Jerusalem
  • Was assassinated by three of his own guards
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8
Q

Claudius

A
  • Roman Emporer from 41 CE to 54 CE
  • Was proclaimed Emporer by the Roman guard and not the senate (1st to do so)
  • Rebuilt Pompey’s theater
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9
Q

Nero

A
  • Ruled from 54 CE to 68 CE
  • He was only 16 when he came into power
  • He was the last of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
  • Had his secretary kill him out of fear of being murdered after a revolt
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10
Q

Galba

A
  • Ruled from 68 CE to 69 CE (year of 4 Emporers)
  • Before being Emporer he served in multiple political offices including his last title governor of Hispania
  • He was assassinated by guards led under Otho
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11
Q

Otho

A
  • Ruled for 3 months in 69 CE
  • Killed himself with a dagger in fear
  • Was originally an ally of Galba but turned on him after not being adopted
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12
Q

Vitellus

A
  • Ruled for 8 months in 69 CE
  • Killed his own son
  • Before his reign he served as the proconsular governor of Africa
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13
Q

Vespasian

A
  • Reigned from 69 CE to 79 CE
  • Was the last of the “year of 4 Emporers”
  • Established the Flavian dynasty
  • Helped quell the Jewish revolt beginning in 66 CE
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14
Q

Titus

A
  • Reigned from 79 CE to 81 CE
  • Also fought in the first Jewish-Roman war with his father
  • Finished the colosseum
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15
Q

Domitian

A
  • Reigned from 81 CE to 89 CE
  • Was the last of the Flavian Dynasty
  • Deified his older brother and restored the Temple of Jupiter
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16
Q

Nerva

A
  • Reigned from 96 CE to 98 CE (16 months)
  • Founded the Nerva-Antonine dynasty
  • Chose popular Roman general Trajan as his heir
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17
Q

Trajan

A
  • Reigned from 98 CE to 117 CE
  • He served as the governor of Upper Germany during Nerva’s rule
  • He reconstructed the Circus Maximus and held 123 days of games to celebrate a victory
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18
Q

Hadrian

A
  • Reigned from 117 CE to 138 CE
  • Built Hadrian’s wall
  • Trajan’s widow claimed that he named Hadrian as his heir on the deathbed
  • He had four senators executed immediately following his installment
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19
Q

Herod the Great

A
  • Ruled as the Roman-appointed king of Judea from 37 or 36 BCE to 4 or 1 BCE
  • Supposedly ordered the “Massacre of the Innocents” (ordered all males under 2 in the vicinity of Bethlehem to be killed) this is claimed in the gospel of Matthew
  • Reconstructed and enlarged the Second Jewish temple
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20
Q

Herod Archelaus

A
  • Reigned from 4 BCE to 6 CE
  • His rule was absolved under August when Rome began directly governing Judea
  • Had a golden eagle placed over the temple entrance (chopped down by opponents)
21
Q

Herod Antipas

A
  • Ruled over Galilee and Perea from 4 BCE to 39 CE as a tetrarch
  • Pilate handed over Jesus to him before Herod sent him back to Pilate’s court (the gospel of Luke)
  • Supposedly had John the baptist executed
22
Q

Herodias

A
  • Was a Princess of Judea during Roman rule
  • Married her ex-husband’s half-brother (they divorced while he was alive)
  • Asked for the head of John the Baptist as a reward
23
Q

Pontius Pilate

A
  • Roman governor of Judea from 26 to 36 CE
  • Presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion
  • Is absolved of guilt in the Gospel of Peter (NT Apocrypha)
24
Q

Agrippa I

A
  • Reigned as the King of Judea from 41 to 44 CE
  • Was both Jewish and Roman in identity
  • His death is referenced in the acts of the apostles
  • Befriended son of Tiberus, Drusus
25
Q

Yohanan ben Zakkai

A
  • Jewish Rabbinic sage during the late second temple period and following the destruction of the temple
  • Correctly predicted that Vespasian would become Emporer and that the temple would be destroyed
  • Was a Pharisee
26
Q

Pliny the Younger

A
  • Wrote hundreds of letters (247 survived and are of great historical value)
  • Was the nephew of Pliny the Elder
  • Was born in the equestrian rank but achieved a higher rank by becoming an elected official
27
Q

Simon bar Kokhba

A
  • Led a revolt against Rome from 135-132 BCE
  • Ruled as prince during the 3 years there was an independent Jewish state
  • Believed by some during his time to be the Jewish messiah
28
Q

721 B.C.E. Fall of Israel (northern kingdom) to Assyrians, exile

A
  • Responsible for the “10 lost tribes” of Israel after forcibly relocating them
  • Never formally allowed those tribes to return to their homeland
  • Jews were relocated from their home further into Assyrian territory
29
Q

586 B.C.E. Fall of Judah (the southern kingdom) and destruction of temple under Babylonians, exile

A
  • Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Jerusalem during this period
  • Destroyed the temple of Solomon in 586 CE
  • Was mainly because Judean king Jekhoiam refused to pay tribute (he was killed later)
30
Q

538 B.C.E. Return of exiles under edict of Persian king, Cyrus

A
  • Jews were eventually allowed to return after Persia defeated Babylonia
  • The second temple was built during this period
  • Persia became the largest empire the world had seen at that point
31
Q

333 B.C.E. and thereabouts–Alexander the Great’s conquest of the east

A
  • Conquered Persia/Burned down Perspolosis
  • Attempted to expand into India bringing war there
  • Was notably absent from Macedon due to other conquests
32
Q

323 B.C.E. death of Alexander the Great

A
  • Alexander died in Nebuchadnezzar II’s palace at 32
  • Had no legitimate heir because his son was born after his death
  • Ended a period of stability in Macedon due to rivalry between those who wanted to succeed him
33
Q

167-164 B.C.E. Maccabean revolt

A
  • Originally started as a Guerilla revolt and eventually became a proper army
  • Cleansed and rededicated the second temple after winning
  • Ushered in a period of Judean autonomy from 152-141 BCE
34
Q

63 B.C.E. Roman general Pompey takes Jerusalem

A
  • Returned the Syrian cities that Judea had conquered to Syria (restored the original territory of Judea)
  • Made Jerusalem a tributary of Rome
  • Restored the rule of the high priest Hyrcanus
35
Q

66-74 C.E. Roman war on Judea (August 70 C.E., destruction of the temple)

A
  • The second temple was destroyed during this period by Titus
  • Up to 6,000 Jews were executed which prompted a full rebellion
  • Began a major period of Jewish diaspora
36
Q

c. 132-35 C.E. Bar Kokhbah revolt

A
  • the last of the three Jewish-Roman wars
  • Afterwards, Hadrian began extreme persecution of the Jews
  • Judea was renamed to Syria Palaestina
37
Q

Diaspora

A
  • Refers to the dispersion of people from their homeland
  • Jewish diaspora existed before the first Assyrian exile
  • The amount of Jews who left Israel increased greatly with the destruction of the second temple in 70 CE
38
Q

Diadochi

A
  • Describes the rival generals, families, friends, etc of Alexander the Great
  • They were able to reclaim part of his territory after his death
  • Ptolemy is one of the most notable and was able to conquer a huge portion of the territory including Egypt where he ruled as a pharaoh
39
Q

Zealots

A
  • A political movement during the Second Temple of Jerusalem which wanted Judeans to rebel against the Roman empire and expel them completely
  • Judas of Galilee was a central figure in this group
  • They were looked down upon for their aggression and resistance to peace treaties
40
Q

Herodian Temple

A
  • Expanded the Temple around 20/19 BCE
  • This was the temple that the Romans destroyed in 70 CE
  • Sacrifices did not stop while the temple was being refurbished
41
Q

Hellenization

A
  • The adoption of Greek culture, language, and identity by non-greeks
  • Hellenization is one of the main reasons Christianity was able to spread (since the NT could be written in Greek)
  • Judea had a complex relationship with Hellenization as some embraced their dual Greek identity and others fully resisted
42
Q

Samaritans

A
  • Considered an offset of Judaism by some
  • Most likely emerged after the Assyrian conquest of Israel
  • Claims that their Pentateuch is the correct version and that Jews have a falsified version
43
Q

Hasmonean

A
  • The ruling family of Judea before they were conquered by the Roman empire
  • Once Herod the Great came into power Judea was made a Roman client state
  • The dynasty was established Simon Thassi
44
Q

Septuagint

A
  • The earliest translation of the Hebrew Bible to Greek
  • Includes multiple books which are not included in the Jewish canon such as the Book of Maccabees
  • Was probably created because most Jews could no longer read Hebrew in the second temple period and wanted to preserve their culture
45
Q

Pharisees

A
  • Jewish school of thought during the Second Temple period
  • The basis for Rabbinic Judaism after the destruction of the temple in 70 CE
  • Resisted Hellenization and those who supported it
  • Did believe in resurrection
46
Q

Sadducees

A
  • Also active during the Second Temple period, but fell apart after the destruction of the temple
  • Did not agree with the Oral Torah, instead only viewed the written Torah as the source of divinity
  • Did not believe in resurrection
47
Q

Essenes

A
  • Mystic Jewish sect during the Second Temple period
  • Believed to be the authors of the dead sea scrolls
  • Were more ascetic in practice (voluntary poverty, communal living, celibacy for priests)
  • Against hellenization
48
Q

Flavians

A
  • Rose to power during the year of Four Emporers (69 CE)
  • Includes Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian
  • Latter two revived the Roman imperial cult (establishing divine authority)

New Testament (1 decks)

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