historical development of educational technology Flashcards
______ is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.
Educational technology
Educational technology, broadly speaking, has
passed through _____ stages.
five
_____ is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens, and concrete materials.
the first stage of educational technology
In the first stage, the term educational technology was used as synonyms to _____.
audio-visual aids
_____ is associated with the electronic revolution with the
introduction and establishment of sophisticated
hardware and software.
the second stage of educational technology
In the _____, use of various audio-visual aids like projectors, magic lanterns, tape-recorders, radio, and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario.
the second stage of educational technology
_____ is linked with the development of mass media which in turn led to ‘communication revolution’ for instructional
purposes.
the third stage of educational technology
_____ used for education since the 1950s also became
popular during this era (the third stage).
Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI)
_____ is discernible by the individualized process of
instruction.
the fourth stage of educational technology
In the fourth stage, the invention of _____ provided a new
dimension to educational technology.
programmed learning and programmed instruction
_____ is influenced by the concept of system engineering or
system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies, and the use of the computer in instruction.
the latest concept of educational technology
According to it (the latest concept?), _____ is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.
educational technology
_____ can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.
educational technology
During _____, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, manufacture of various handmade weapons and utensils from stones, and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance.
the Stone Age
Neolithic period
the later Stone Age period
_____ can be considered as the first steps in mining technology.
digging underground tunnels
_____ were so effective that even after the appearance of bronze and iron, people used them for clearing forests and the establishment of crop farming.
the polished axes
Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, _____ proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement.
archaeological evidence
_____ resulted in the appearance of the Bronze Age with the
development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements.
the Neolithic Revolution of the Stone Age
For these practices, Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later _____, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.
bronze
The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of _____ technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze
equivalents.
iron smelting
The _____ replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents.
Iron Age people
In many Eurasian cultures, the _____ was the last period before the development of written scripts.
the Iron Age
According to _____, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.
Paul Saettler (2004)
In every stage of human civilization, one can find an _____ or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also supported by a number of investigations and evidences.
instructional technique
The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the _____.
ancient civilizations
The _____ was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent.
Indus Valley Civilization
This civilization primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending up to the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab (most of the part is under today’s Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending up to southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).
Indus Valley Civilization
What is the main controversy regarding the language of the Harappan people?
The long-term controversy about the Harappan language revolves around whether their script is pictographic.
This script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations.
what seems to be the Harappan people’s pictographic script
What seems to be the Harappan people’s pictographic script appears to have had about _____ basic signs, with lots of variations.
400
The Harappan people write their script with the direction generally from:
a. from left to right
b. from right to left
b. from right to left
They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.
the Harappan people
What did the 2009 study by P. N. Rao et al., published in Science, suggest about the Indus script?
Its pattern resembles that of spoken language, supporting the idea that it represents an unknown language.
According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include what? Give at least one.
any of the following:
paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gunpowder
How did the invention of paper contribute to the development of educational technology in Chinese civilization?
It helped in making handmade paper products used as visual aids.
_____ was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world.
Ancient Egyptian language
This script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc.
Ancient Egyptian language
What was the script of the ancient Egyptian language called, which consisted of pictures representing real objects like birds, animals, and tools?
hieroglyphs
Ancient Egyptian language was made up of above _____
hieroglyphs which are known as _____.
500; hieroglyphics
What provides evidence of the existence of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt?
stone monuments and tombs
Paper and _____, which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and
spread to the Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests.
the pulp papermaking process
Paper and the pulp papermaking process, which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and spread to the Mediterranean by _____.
the Muslim conquests
Evidence supports that _____ was
also established in Sicily in the 12th century.
a paper mill
Evidence supports that a paper mill was
also established in _____ in the 12th century.
Sicily
_____ increased the productivity of the thread-making process to a great
extent.
the discovery of the spinning wheel
Who played a key role in advancing the spinning wheel by linking it to an increasing supply of rags, contributing to the development of printing technology?
Lynn White
What was a key outcome of combining the spinning wheel with an increasing supply of rags?
the production of cheap paper
_____ was a prime factor in the development of printing technology.
the production of cheap paper
The invention of _____ took place approximately in 1450 AD by Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor.
the printing press
Who is credited with the invention of the printing press around 1450 AD?
Johannes Gutenberg
The invention of _____ was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.
the printing press
During the pre-industrial phase, how was industry primarily carried out?
as handwork at the artisan level
Which of the following instructional tools were commonly used during the pre-industrial phase?
a. Digital tablets and projectors
b. The slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk
c. Printed textbooks and e-books
d. Typewriters and computers
b. The slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk
In the pre-industrial phases, _____ was considered synonymous with simple aids like charts and pictures.
educational technology
The year _____ may be considered a landmark in the
early history of the technology of education or
audio-visual education.
1873
An exhibition was held in _____ at an international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks, and other equipment.
Vienna
An internationally renowned child educator and the originator of the Montessori Method?
Maria Montessori (1870-1952)
_____ exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner.
Maria Montessori (1870-1952)
Which statement best describes the relationship between modern educational technology and Montessori’s approach?
a. Modern educational technology contradicts Montessori’s idea of a child-centered environment.
b. Montessori’s approach discourages the use of educational technology in learning.
c. Modern educational technology expands on Montessori’s idea of a prepared child-centered environment.
d. Montessori’s method is outdated and replaced by modern educational technology.
c. Modern educational technology expands on Montessori’s idea of a prepared child-centered environment.
In _____, Charles Babbage’s design of a general-purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer, and in 1943, the first computing machine as per his design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in the USA.
1833
In 1833, whose design of a general-purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer?
Charles Babbage
In _____, the first computing machine as per Charles Babbage’s design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in the USA.
1943
In 1943, the first computing machine as per Charles Babbage’s design was constructed by _____ in the USA.
International Business Machines Corporation
Who developed the Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) and the Talking Typewriter in 1966?
O.K. Moore
What is the primary function of the computer in Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)?
The computer functions essentially as a tutor.
In what year were the Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) and the Talking Typewriter developed?
1966
Since _____, computers have been interestingly
used in education in schools, colleges, and
universities.
1974
At _____, there were
noteworthy changes in the field of education.
the beginning of the 19th century
Which organization started school broadcasts in 1920 and contributed to formal education?
the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
In what year did the BBC begin its school broadcasts?
1920
In the USA, by 1952, ____ states had provisions for educational broadcasting.
20
In the USA, by _____, 20 states had provisions for educational
broadcasting.
1952
In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had provisions for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time, about _____ of the schools in the United Kingdom were equipped with radios, and there were regular daily programmes.
98%
A psychologist at Ohio State University who developed a self-teaching machine called the ‘Drum Tutor’ in 1920?
Sidney L. Pressey
In his 1945 article Science of Learning and Art of Teaching, what did Professor Skinner advocate for in education?
applying behavioral psychology to teaching methods
What teaching method did Professor Skinner suggest as a means of applying behavioral psychology in the classroom?
automated teaching devices
Where was the first practical use of regular television broadcasts?
Germany
In what year were the Olympic Games in Berlin broadcasted through television stations?
1936
Open-circuit television was primarily used for entertainment broadcasting starting in 1936. True or false?
False (It was primarily used for entertainment broadcasting in 1950.)
The first practical use of regular television broadcasts was in _______ in the year _______.
Germany; 1929
Since _____, television has been used for
educational purposes.
1960
Who(?) was the first to use educational technological steps in 1950?
Brynmor (in England)
What event in 1960 led other countries to progress in educational technology?
the industrial revolution in America and Russia
Brynmor used educational technological steps for the first time in America in 1950. True or false?
False (It was in England.)
Why was there an urgent need for educational technology in America around the 1950s?
a steep shortage of teachers
Who introduced mass production technology in American education?
Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard
Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard was the first to introduce mass production technology in American education. True or false?
False (Dr. Alvin C. Eurich introduced it first, and Dr. Stoddard followed later.)
Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard, introduced _____ in America.
mass production technology
Where did team teaching first start as part of an internship plan in 1955?
Harvard University
Who introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives in 1956?
Benjamin Bloom
Team teaching originated in America in the late 1940s. True or false?
False (It originated in the mid-1950s.)
_____ introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives.
Benjamin Bloom
In _____, the micro-teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in the USA.
1961
In 1961, _____ was first
adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at
Stanford University in the USA.
the micro-teaching technique
In 1961, the micro-teaching technique was first
adopted by _____ and his co-workers at
Stanford University in the USA.
Dwight W. Allen
_____ is the main technology being developed
in the beginning of the 21st century.
electronics
